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AS Biology > Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells > Flashcards

Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What does cell theory state?

A

Cells are the fundamental unit of structure, function and organisation in all living organisms

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2
Q

What is a unicellular organism?

A

Organism composed of a single cell

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3
Q

What is a multicellular organism?

A

Organism composed of multiple cells

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4
Q

Name a feature of multicellular organisms

A

After development their cells become differentiated and specialised although this means they cant divide further

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5
Q

What is differentiation?

A

The process by which cells specialise, becoming adapted for a specific function

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6
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of cells that have a common origin and similar structure and perform a single function

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7
Q

What is an organ?

A

A group of tissues that have a specific function

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8
Q

What is a system?

A

A group of tissues and organs that collectively perform a specific function

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9
Q

What does a condenser lens do?

A

focuses light before it hits a specimen to be viewed. used to vary light intensity

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10
Q

What is the eyepiece lens?

A

The lens you look down to see the specimen

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11
Q

What is the objective lens?

A

The set of lenses attached to the nosepiece that rotate so you can choose which magnification you want to view the sample with

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12
Q

What is the coarse focus?

A

Used to focus the low and medium power objectives

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13
Q

What is the fine focus?

A

Used to focus the high power objective

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14
Q

What is the stage?

A

Where the microscope slide is placed

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15
Q

Explain how you would carry out temporary prep

A

Tissues placed on slide and covered in liquid to prevent it from drying out and then coverslip going on top

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16
Q

Explain how you would carry out permanent prep

A

Water removed from tissue and replaced with a firmer substance. Cover slip held in place by a resin

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17
Q

What does a stain do?

A

Helps to identify key cell structures bc they colour the cell

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18
Q

What is magnification?

A

The extent to which an object is enlarged by a microscope

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19
Q

How do you calculate magnification?

A

Image size/specimen size

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20
Q

What is resolution?

A

The ability to distinguish between points that are very close together

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21
Q

How does an electron microscope work?

A

Electron gun fires electron beam at sample and electromagnets focus the beam onto a fluorescent screen for viewing

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22
Q

What are eukaryotic cells?

A

A cell with a nucleus and membrane bound organelles in its cytoplasm

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23
Q

What are prokaryotic cells?

A

Cells with no nucleus and no membrane bound organelles

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24
Q

What is cytosol?

A

Aqueous solution of chemicals around the organelles

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25
Q

What does the cell surface membrane do?

A

Contains the organelles and the cytosol

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26
Q

What are organelles?

A

Structures in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells that perform a discrete function and are membrane bound

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27
Q

Describe the structure of the nucleus

A

Largest organelle
Double membrane - outer layer continuous with the RER
Pores to allow movement of mRNA and ribosomes out and hormones and nutrients in
Contains chromatin/chromosomes

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28
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Strands of DNA wound around histone

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29
Q

What is chromatin?

A

Diffuse network of chromosomes

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30
Q

What is the function of the nucleolus

A

Site of ribosome synthesis in the nucleus

Makes ribosomes from ribosomal RNA

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31
Q

Describe the structure of the mitochondria

A 
Rod shaped organelles
Double membrane
Folded inner membrane to form cristae 
Outer membrane smooth 
Inside inner membrane is matrix
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32
Q

What are cristae?

A

The folds of the inner membrane of the mitochondria

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33
Q

What is the matrix?

A

An aqueous solution of metabolites and enzymes inside the inner membrane of the mitochondria

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34
Q

Explain the structure of a chloroplast

A

Biconcave structure
Folded inner membrane
Smooth outer membrane

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35
Q

What are thylakoids?

A

The folded inner membrane of the chloroplasts

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36
Q

What are grana?

A

Flattened circular piles of thylakoids

37
Q

What is the stroma?

A

An aqueous environment containing enzymes and starch grains

38
Q

How big are the size of the ribosomes in eukaryotic cells?

39
Q

Where are ribosomes found in eukaryotic cells?

A

Free in the cytoplasm

Attached to endoplasmic reticulum

40
Q

What is the function of the RER?

A

Folds polypeptide chains into their tertiary and quarternary structures

41
Q

Where is the RER?

A

Continuous with the outer membrane of the nucleus

42
Q

Why is the RER rough?

A

Has ribosomes attached to it

43
Q

What is a vesicle?

A

A small spherical organelle bounded by a single membrane which is used to store and transport substances around the cell

44
Q

What is the function of the SER?

A

Synthesis lipids and hormones

Contains detoxifying enzymes

45
Q

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

A

To sort, modify and package proteins made by the ribosomes

46
Q

Describe the structure of the Golgi apparatus

A

Stacks of flattened cisternae. Vesicles from the RER fuse with one end and are pinched off the other end

47
Q

What is the function of the lysosomes?

A

To breakdown old organelles and harmful bacteria and to cause self destruction when an organism dies

48
Q

Describe the structure of lysosomes

A

Small spherical vesicles bound by a single membrane which contains hydrolytic enzymes

49
Q

What are microtubules made of?

A

Globular protein tubulin

50
Q

What is the structure of microtubules?

A

Move organelles around the cytoplasm

51
Q

Describe features and structure of centrioles

A

Found as pair lying at right angles to each other

Each centriole composed of 9 microtubules

52
Q

What is the plant cell wall made of?

A

Straight chains of cellulose held together by hydrogen bonds

53
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

Structure and support - stops plant cell from bursting in aqueous solutions

54
Q

What is the middle lamella?

A

A gel-like layer of calcium pectate between new cells

55
Q

What are plasmodesmata?

A

Cytoplasmic connections between plant cells through gaps in their cell walls

56
Q

How are plasmodesmata formed?

A

When ER of parent cell gets trapped in the gaps inthe middle lamella

57
Q

What does the permanent vacuole do?

A

Presses cytoplasm and cell surface membrane firmly against cell wall

58
Q

What is the tonoplast?

A

Membrane surrounding large fluid filled vacuole

59
Q

What size are prokaryotes?

A

Small - size of mitochondria

60
Q

What is a nucleoid?

A

Circular DNA molecule in the cytoplasm of a prokaryote

61
Q

What are plasmids?

A

Smaller circular DNA molecules

Carry information for antibiotic resistance

62
Q

How big are ribosomes in prokaryotes?

63
Q

What is the cell wall made up of in prokaryotes?

A

Peptidoglycan

64
Q

What is the function of the cell wall in prokaryotes?

A

Prevents it from bursting

Gives it shape

65
Q

What is the function of pilli?

A

Helps pro. cells attach to cell surfaces

66
Q

What is the function of flagella?

A

To allow for movement of the pro. cells

67
Q

What are gram positive bacteria walls made up of?

A

Thick layer of peptidoglycan

68
Q

What colour are gram positive bacteria cell walls in crystal violet?

69
Q

What colour are gram negative bacteria cell walls in crystal violet?

A

Colourless bc outer layers of lipids prevent stain from being taken up

70
Q

What are gram negative bacteria walls made up of?

A

Thin layer of peptidoglycan and outer layers of lipids

71
Q

Outline the experiment to test for gram positive/negative bacteria

A

Bacteria on air dried smear on a slide
Heat fix
Treated with crystal violet and everything seems purple
Flooded with iodine to react stain with walls that will react
Treated with decolourising solution of alcohol and acetone to remove dye from cells hasnt reacted with
Safranin added as counter dye

72
Q

What is an organelle?

A

A structure found in eukaryotic cells that perform a discrete function

73
Q

What are the function of ribosomes?

A

Translation - assemble amino acids into a polypeptide chain to make proteins

74
Q

What does the S in 80S ribosomes mean?

A

Svedberg - unit of measurement of tiny objects. Measure of sedimentation rate when the object is centrifuged

75
Q

Describe the structure of ribosomes

A

Two subunits - one big and one small

Made of proteins and ribosomal RNA

76
Q

What is endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Folded membranous sacs - can be smooth or rough

77
Q

How are proteins transferred from the RER to the Golgi?

A

Direct contact

Vesicles pinched off the end of the RER sacs

78
Q

Where is the SER found?

A

Nowhere near the nucleus lmao

79
Q

Where are lysosomes made?

A

In the RER then modified by the Golgi

80
Q

Which cells have lysosomes?

A

White blood cells

Sperm cells

81
Q

What happens to the proteins modified by the Golgi?

A

Leave cell by exocytosis

Stay in cell

82
Q

Describe the structure of the vacuole?

A

Fluid filled sac enclosed by a tonoplast

83
Q

Give examples of prokaryotic cells

A

Bacteria and cyanobacteria

84
Q

Why are Gram positive bacteria susceptible to antibiotics?

A

They have no outer layers of lipopolysaccharides

85
Q

How does penicillin affect Gram positive bacteria?

A

Interupts the bonds between peptidoglycan chains in the cell wall
Cell breaks down
Cell swells and bursts during cell division

86
Q

Why are Gram negative bacteria unaffected by antibiotics?

A

Impermeable lipopolysaccharide layers

87
Q

Name some differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes

A

E - nucleus, P - nucleoid
E - membrane bound organelles, P - not
E - 80S ribosomes, P - 70S ribosomes
E - larger, smaller SA:V ratio

88
Q

Why is an electron microscope a higher resolution than the light microscope?

A

Electron beam is a shorter wavelength than the light of a light microscope

89
Q

What are physical characteristics of Golgi?

A

Membranous sacs
Stacked up
Smooth and have no ribosomes

AS Biology (17 decks)

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