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Sexual reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

what is sexual reproduction

A

type of reproduction in which the genetic materiel form 2 different cells combine, producing an offspring

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2
Q

what are the cells that combine during sexual reproduction called

A

sex cells

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3
Q

what is an egg

A

is a female sex cell in an ovary

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4
Q

what is sperm

A

is male sex cells formed in a testis

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5
Q

what come together in fertilization

A

egg and sperm

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6
Q

what forms when an egg and sperm come together in fertilization

A

Zygote

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7
Q

what is the process that most cells undergo

A

mitosis and cell division

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8
Q

what are diploid cells

A

cells that have pair of identical chromosomes

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9
Q

where are diploid cells most found

A

almost all human body cells

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10
Q

what are haploid cells

A

cells that have only 1 chromosome from each pair of sex cells OBDOBSIOUU**BOIUSBOIUB ADD MORE TO THIS CARD*******

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11
Q

what are sex cells in organisms that reproduce sexually called

A

haploid cells

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12
Q

what process are sex cells produced in

A

meiosis

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13
Q

what is the main difference between mitosis and meiosis

A

meiosis has 2 divisons of the nucleus and cytoplasm insted of just one

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14
Q

what are the 2 divisons of meiosis called

A

meiosis l and meiosis ll

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15
Q

what is the result of meiosis

A

results in 4 haploid cells each with half the chromosome of the original cell

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16
Q

what happens during interphase

A

chromosonmes are duplicated as 2 sister chromatids

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17
Q

before entering meiosis l what does a cell have to undergo

A

interphase

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18
Q

what are the phases of meiosis l

A

prophase l, metaphase l, anaphase l, and telophase l all proceed as they do in mitosis

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19
Q

what is meiosis ll

A

is the second divison of the nucleus and cytoplasm

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20
Q

what happens in prophase 2

A

the chromosomes do not replicate, they remain as chromatids and the nucleolus and membrane dissapear

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21
Q

what happens during metaphase ll

A

chromosomes line up along the middle of the cell

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22
Q

what happens in anaphase 2

A

chromosomes separate and go to opposite sides of the cell

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23
Q

what happens during telophase 2

A

nuclear membranes form around the 4 new haploid cells

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24
Q

what does meiosis help maintain, why does this help?

A

meiosis helps to maintain the correct number of chromosomes in the haploid cells –> maintains the correct number in the diploid cells

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25
Q

what are homologous chromosomes

A

pairs of chromosomes that have genes for the same trait arranged in the same order

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26
Q

why are the chromosomes in homologous cells not identical

A

because the chromosomes are inhereted from each parent they are not identical and have different genes for the same trait

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27
Q

do different sized organisms have different numbers of chromosomes

A

yes

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28
Q

how many chromosomes does a human have

A

humans have 23 pairs/ 46 chromosomes

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29
Q

how many chromosomes do dogs have

A

39 pairs/ 78 chromsomes

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30
Q

when do zygote’s have the correct number of chromosomes for their species

A

when sex cells join in fertilization

31
Q

how does mitosis help to create genetic variation

A

because cells get, only one chromosome from the available pair, resulting sex cells can be different

32
Q

how many daughter cells does mitosis have

A

2

33
Q

is mitosis asexual or sexual reporoduction

A

asexual

34
Q

does the chromosme number stay the same throught all of mitosis

A

yes

35
Q

what is mitosis used to reproduce

A

somatic cells - body

36
Q

how many divisons are there in mitosis

A

1

37
Q

how many daughter cells does meiosis have

A

4 daughter cells

38
Q

is meiosis sexual or asexual reproduction

A

sexual

39
Q

in meiosis does chromosome number stay the same

A

no, the chromosome spits in half

40
Q

what is meiosis used to produce

A

used to produce gametes - sex cells

41
Q

how many divisons are there in meiosis

A

2 divisons

42
Q

egg and spem mett afeter meiosis

A

yes

43
Q

what are two advantages of sexual reporoduction

A

genetic variation and selective breeding

44
Q

what is genetic variation

A

offspring that have different DNA inherited from their parents, can be less likely to have gentic problems

45
Q

what is selective breeding

A

choosing organisms that are showing desirable traits to be the “Parents” of the next generation

46
Q

whats an example of selective breeding

A

farmers can use seeds from plants that are drought resistant or have the largest fruit and use their seeds to plant the next crop

47
Q

what are disadvantages of sexual reproduction

A

it takes time and energy, you need to grow large enough, need to find a mate, ect

48
Q

what is asexual reproduction

A

when one parent produces offspring without meiosis or fertilization, resulting in an organism that is genetically identical to the parent

49
Q

what are 3 types of reproduction

A

Fission, mitotic cell divison, and budding

50
Q

what is fission

A

cell divison in prokaryotes that produce 2 genetically identical cells

51
Q

how long does it take for fission to divide

A

some bacteria can divide in 20 minutes

52
Q

what is mitotic cell divison

A

unicellular eukaryotes, like amoebas, reproduce 2 identical offspring with cell divison

53
Q

what is Budding

A

a new organism grows by mitosis and cell divison of the body of the parent and is genetically identical to the parent

54
Q

what happens when the bud becomes large enough in budding

A

it can break from the parent and life on its own

55
Q

what is budding used by

A

unicellular (yeast) and multicellular (hydra) eukaryotes

56
Q

what is animal regeneration

A

the ability of an offspring (varies with species) to grow from a piece of it’s parent

57
Q

what are 2 examples species that can animal regenerate

A

starfish and planarain have the potential to grow into new organisms, if conditions are right (Offspring would be identical to parent)

58
Q

why isn’t part regeration considered asexual reproduction

A

because a new organism is not produced

59
Q

is part regeration more common

A

yes, it is more common

60
Q

what is vegetable reproduction

A

a form of asexual reproduction where a new plant grows from a part of the parent

61
Q

whats an example of vegetable reproduction in plants

A

many plants use structures called stolens which send out new shoots along the ground, roots form along these, creating plants

62
Q

whats a specefic example of a type of plant that goes through vegetable repproduction

A

strawberries, potatoes, geraniums

63
Q

what is cloning

A

a type of asexual reproduction that is performed in a lab that produces an identical offspring from a cell or cells of a multi cellar organism

64
Q

what is a form of plant cloning

A

tissue cultures

65
Q

what is tissue culture

A

look it up

66
Q

why is plant cloning usful

A

a large amount of plants can be produced in less time

67
Q

does plant cloning help get rid of diseases

A

yesss quenn girly GIRL

68
Q

what happens in plant cloning if the plant is deased

A

the meristem area of a plant can be cloned, and the disease will not be transefered

69
Q

what happens in animal cloning

A

all the chromosomes of a clone come from 1 parent cell, so the offspring is genetically identical to the parent

70
Q

what was the first mammal cloned

A

a sheep named Dolly

71
Q

what are some issues of animal cloning

A

high cost and ethics

72
Q

what are some advantages of asexual reproduction

A

can produce without a mate, can rapidly produce a large amount of offspring

73
Q

what are some disadvantages of asexual reproduction

A

no genetic variation and a problem in the parent will be passed on to the offspring

74
Q

why is no genetic variation a bad thing

A

a change in the environment could potentially wipe out the entire population

Social studies (7 decks)

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