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Social studies > Cell structure and function > Flashcards

Cell structure and function Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a cell

A

a basic structure of all living things

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2
Q

what did Robert Hooke build

A

his own microscope

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3
Q

what did Robert Hooke look at with his first microscope

A

used it to look at thin scales of cork and was able to observe simple cell structures

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4
Q

Why did Robert hook name cells, cells

A

because they looked like the small rooms that monks lived in

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5
Q

In the late 16th century when the microscope was invented what did it make possible for people to discover

A

cells. To discover and learn about cells.

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6
Q

how was the cell theory developed

A

many scientists looked at the cells of plants and animals with microscopes

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7
Q

what are all living things composed of

A

cells

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8
Q

what are cells the basic units of

A

structure and function of all living things

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9
Q

what are all cells produced from

A

other cells

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10
Q

what is the spontaneous generation

A

original theory that life comes from non-life (proved false) like the steak we learned about in class

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11
Q

what was Redi’s experiment to see if life comes from non-life

A

he has 2 jars with raw steaks in both. One with the lid on, one with the lid off. After a few days the jar with the lid off has maggots and flys on it. The jar with the lid on had no bugs on it at all. (Proved the spon. gen. was not a valid theory)

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12
Q

what is the main ingredent in cells

A

water makes up 70% of cells

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13
Q

where is water present in a cell

A

inside and surrounding the cell

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14
Q

what does the water in a cell help maintain

A

homeostasis (essential for life)

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15
Q

what atoms make up water

A

2 hydrogen and 1 oxogen (H2O)

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16
Q

what does a sodium and a chloride atom make

A

salt

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17
Q

how does water help dissolve substances

A

because it has a slightly positive and a slightly negative side

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18
Q

what are macromolecules

A

are substances formed by the joining of many small molecules

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19
Q

what are nucleic acids

A

long chains of nucleolus (Nucleotides) joined together

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20
Q

what are the 2 tpes of Nucleic acid

A

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acids) and RNA (Ribonucleic acid)

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21
Q

what determines the genetic info in a cell

A

the order of the nucleotides

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22
Q

what does changing the order of the nucleotides do to the genetic info in a cell

A

changes the genetic info in a cell

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23
Q

What does DNA have instructions for

A

cell growth, reproduction, and processes that occur within the cell

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24
Q

what does RNA make

A

proteins

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25
Q

what are protines

A

long chain of amino acid molecules

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26
Q

what does RNA tell in protien

A

the order of protein

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27
Q

what do cells use protein for

A

communicating, transporting materials, structure and breakdown of other materiels

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28
Q

what is the protein called amylase

A

protein compound in saliva to break down food

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29
Q

what is the protein called Keratin

A

protein compound in hair, horns, ect. Used for structure

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30
Q

what are lipids

A

large molecule that doesn’t dissolve in water, fats

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31
Q

what do lipids do

A

help to form protective barriers and part of the cell membrane

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32
Q

what are Lipids used for

A

energy, cholesterol, vitamin A

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33
Q

how many sugar molecules do carbohydrates have

A

one or more

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34
Q

what are carbohydrates used for

A

used to store energy, structure, communication

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35
Q

where can you find carchohydrates

A

fruits, breds, vegetable

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36
Q

what do cell house in plants provide

A

structure

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37
Q

do all cells have the same structure

A

no, each one is different with specialized internal parts

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38
Q

what helps a cell to do its special function

A

the shape of a cell

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39
Q

what is a Prokaryotic cell

A

a cell that does not have its genetic materiel surrounded by a membrane and lacks many other cell structures

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40
Q

what is a Eukaryotic cell

A

a cell whose genetic materiel is surrounded by a membrane and has many other specialized structures that preform speciel functions

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41
Q

what is a cell wall

A

ridged outer layer of a plant, cell, and some bacteria, protis, and fungi

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42
Q

what is a cell wall made of

A

of cellulose- a sugar molecule

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43
Q

how does a cell wall help a cell

A

it helps protect and support the cell

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44
Q

what is a cell membrane in plants

A

inner boundary of the cell, inside of cell wall

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45
Q

what is a cell membrane in non-plants

A

the outer boundary of a cell

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46
Q

what is a cell membrane made up of

A

proteins and phospholipids

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47
Q

what does a cell membrane do

A

it has a flexible covering that protects the cell and controls what enters or leaves the cell

48
Q

whats an example of a cell membrane

A

water, nutrients, waste, harmful items, ect

49
Q

do all types of cells use the same structure on the exterior of the cell body

A

no, depends on the type of cell

50
Q

what does the structure of the cell apendage called flagella look like

A

tail-like structure that whips to move

51
Q

what does the structure of the cell appendage called cilla look like

A

hair-like structure that can move the cell or move materiels along the cells

52
Q

what is cytoplasm

A

materiel that holds/contains all the necessary materials of the cell

53
Q

what is cytoskeleton

A

thread-like pratiens in the cytoplasm that helps to give shape to the cell and allow for cell movement

54
Q

what are cell organelles

A

organelles are the small structures inside cells-each with it’s own funtion

55
Q

what is a nucleus

A

the control center of eukaryotic cells, directs cell activity and contains genetic info stored in DNA

56
Q

what is usually the largest organelle

A

the nucleus

57
Q

what are chromosomes

A

structures in the nucleus that contain DNA

58
Q

is the number of chromosomes the same for every species

A

no, every species is different

59
Q

what is a nucleolus

A

the “dark spot” in the nucleus where ribosomes are produced

60
Q

how many membranes does a nuclear envelope contain

A

2 membranes that control what enters and leaves the nucleus

61
Q

what are Ribosomes

A

small grain shaped structures , site of protein manufacture,

62
Q

where is the Ribosomes present

A

in the cytoplasm on the surface of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

63
Q

what are the 2 types id endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

rough ER and smooth ER

64
Q

where is rough ER and where is it

A

it’s near the edge of the nucleus and is the site of protein synthesis

65
Q

where is smooth ER and what it it

A

beyond the rough ER and is the site of lipid manufacture, such as cholesterol

66
Q

what is the powerhouse of the cell

A

mitochondria

67
Q

how many mitchondrias can eukaryotic cells contain

A

hundreds of thousands

68
Q

where is energy stored inside a cell

A

in high-energy molecules called ATP

69
Q

what does ATP stand for

A

adenosine triphosphate

70
Q

what is are lysomes

A

types of vesicle in an animal cell

71
Q

what do lysomes contain

A

contains chemicals that help to break down and recycle cell parts

72
Q

what are vacuoles

A

storage areas, contain needed materials or waste products

73
Q

what do animal cell vacuoles look like

A

many small vacuoles

74
Q

what do vacuoles in plant cells look like

A

tend to have one big vacuole that helps to shape and support the plant by storing water

75
Q

what is a chloroplasts

A

originalle that uses light energy to make food for plant cells and some protists

76
Q

what do chloroplasts create

A

sugar in the form of gluose

77
Q

what is a vesicle

A

stores or transport substances from one part of a cell to another

78
Q

what types of vacuoles do plant cells tend to have

A

one large and one small vacuole

79
Q

how do vacuoles help a plant cell

A

helps to support the plant by storing water

80
Q

what does being a semipermeable cell membrane mean

A

will let some things pass into or out of the cell, but not all materials (helps maintain homeostasis)

81
Q

what determines what will be let into and out of a semipermeable membrane

A

dependant upon the physical and chemical properties of the substance

82
Q

what does passive transport mean

A

the movement of materials across the cell membrane without using cell energy

83
Q

what is passive transport dependant upon

A

upon the concentration of a substance on each side of the membrane

84
Q

what does diffusion mean

A

the movement of materials from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

85
Q

what will make diffusion stop

A

when the concentration of the substance is the same on both sides of membrane, diffusion will stop

86
Q

what is omosis

A

diffusion of water through a membrane

87
Q

where is osmosis often seen

A

in a plant cell vacuole

88
Q

what is facilitated diffusion

A

uses transport proteins to carry molecules across the cell membrane, still does not use cell energy

89
Q

what are the 2 types of facilitated diffusion

A

carrier proteins and channel proteins

90
Q

what do carrier proteins carry

A

large molecules across the cell membrane

91
Q

where do channel proteins form

A

form pores where participants can pass

92
Q

what is active transport

A

the movement of needed materiels across a cell membrane using energy from a cell, only carries larger materiels

93
Q

what makes active transport different from passive transport

A

substances can move from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration in active transport

94
Q

what does endocytosis do

A

takes in needed materiels by surrounding them with part of the cell membrane

95
Q

whats another word for endocytosis

A

engulfing

96
Q

what happens in extocytosis

A

a vesicle releasing its materiel outside the cell

97
Q

what does cell size permit

A

it to complete all the processes that keeps it alive

98
Q

what increases as a cell grows

A

surface area (the outside membrane) and its volume (the middle) increases. VOLUME INCREASES FASTER

99
Q

is there a limit to how large a cell can get before it becomes to large no complete all its necessary processes

A

yes

100
Q

what is cellular respiration

A

a series of chemical reactions that convert the energy in food molecules into a usable form of energy - ATP

101
Q

where does cellular respiration occur

A

in the cytoplasm and mitochondria

102
Q

what is glycolysis

A

the first step of cellular resperation

103
Q

what happens in glycolysis

A

process that breaks down glucose (a sugar) into smaller molecules

104
Q

does glycolysis use or create atp

A

both, creates a small amount of energy

105
Q

what is fermentation

A

cell process that break down glucose without the use of oxygen, makes less ATP than cellular respiration

106
Q

where does fermentation occur

A

in the cytoplasm

107
Q

what is lactic acid fermentation

A

fermentation that creates lactic acid as a waste product

108
Q

how do bacteria and fungi use lactic acid fermentation

A

to make cheese, yogurt, sour cream

109
Q

how do muscles use lactic acid fermentation

A

use it during periods of exercise - what causes the cramping in your side

110
Q

what does alcohol fermentation use as waste products

A

produce ethanol and carbon dioxide

111
Q

where is alcohol fermentation used

A

in brewing and baking, process that causes dough to rise

112
Q

what is photosynthesis

A

series of chemical reactions that convert light energy, water and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen

113
Q

what is photosynthesis used by

A

by plants and some unicellular organisms

114
Q

what is chlorophyll

A

it is a pigment in green plants that converts light into energy, other colors of leaves have different pigments

115
Q

pigment obsorbs the light energy

A
116
Q
A

Social studies (7 decks)

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