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Social studies > Chapter 5 - Genetics > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

what were the early ideas about inheritance

A

first thoughts about how traits are inherited - a blending of the traits from both parents

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2
Q

what is heredity

A

the passing of traits from parents to offsprings

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3
Q

who was Gregor Mendel

A

19th century Austrian, Augustinian monk who studied pea plants and their traits

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4
Q

why did Mendel use pea plants to do his experimental methods

A

they reproduce quickly, easy to observe their traits, and easy to control their parents

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5
Q

what is pollination

A

the transfer of pollen grains from the mole part of a flower to the female part of a flower, permitting fertilization to occur

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6
Q

what moves to where in pollination

A

sperm cells (pollen) move from the stamen (Male) to the pistil (Female), the structure containing the eggs (ovule)

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7
Q

what are the 2 ways pollination can occur

A

self-pollination and cross-pollination

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8
Q

what happens in self-pollination

A

pollen from 1 plant lands on the pistil of the same plant

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9
Q

what is cross-pollination

A

pollen from 1 plant lands on the pistil of another plant, occurs naturally by winds, water, bees, ect.

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10
Q

what happens to the offspring of a self-pollinated plant

A

the offspring always have the same trait when self pollinated -aka- purebread

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11
Q

what was Mendel’s cross pollination experiment.
Whats an example?

A

Mendel selected and manually cross-pollinated pea plants with pure, but different traits
ex: purple vs white flowers
smooth vs wrinkled flowers

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12
Q

what did Mendel do with the resulting seeds from the cross- pollinated

A

he collected them and planted them for the next generation of plants and recorded the traits

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13
Q

what were the results of Mendel’s experiment

A

when he used only seeds from purebred plants (P generation) white and purple and crossed them to make the resulting pink flowers

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14
Q

first generation (F1) results

A

100% of the purebred plants had purple flowers, Mendel wondered what happened to the white flowers

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15
Q

what were mendel’s hybrids

A

seeds with 2 different true-bread parents

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16
Q

what did mendel do in the second generation crosses

A

mendel grew plants from the F1 generation and cross-pollinates those plants

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17
Q

what did the result of the F2 generation look like

A

some plants had some purple flowers and some with white flowers using 75% purple flowers and 25% white flowers

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18
Q

what showed with each trait tested in the F2 generation

A

with each trait tested, the F2 generation showed the trait that was missing in the F1 generation in the same 3/1 ratio

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19
Q

what was Mendel’s conclusions (2 things)

A
  1. 2 genetic factors controlled each trait (purple or white, short or tall)
  2. Each reproductive cell (Sperm and egg) contributes one factor for each trait
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20
Q

what are recessive traits

A

recessive traits are those that are blocked by the presence of a dominant trait, must have 2 of the recessive factor for the trait to be seen

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21
Q

what was the significance of Mendel’s contribution

A

changed the way scientists thought about heredity

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22
Q

what was the old was that scientists thought about heredity

A

traits always blend when parents produced offspring

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23
Q

what is the new way that scientists think about heredity

A

some traits are dominant over other traits in offspring

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24
Q

when was mendel’s work recognized

A

it was not recognized until after his death when 3 different scientists discovered his work and confirmed it through their own testing

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25
Q

what contains genetic information that contains traits

A

chromosomes

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26
Q

what are the site of the “factors” from Mendel’s work

A

chromosomes

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27
Q

what are genes

A

a section of a chromosome that had the genetic information for one trait

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28
Q

what is an alleles

A

the different forms of a gene

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29
Q

what is an example of an alleles

A

in Mendel’s experiment, the pea plants could have 2 purple flower alleles, 2 white flower alleles, or one of each

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30
Q

what is a phenotype

A

how a trait appears or is expressed in an organism. What does it look like? Purple or white?

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31
Q

whats a genotype

A

the 2 alleles that makeup the trait

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32
Q

whats a dominant alleles shown as symbols for genotype

A

(those that show up when present) are shown as a capital letter

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33
Q

how are recessive alleles shown for symbols for genotype

A

shown with a small letter (of the dominant allele)

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34
Q

what is it called when the two alleles for a trait are the same whats an example

A

homozygous genotype or a hybrid
ex: Pp for purple flowers

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35
Q

what are punnett squares used to do

A

used to model all possible combinations of alleles of a genetic cross

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36
Q

what does a punnett square predict

A

predicts both genotype and phenotype

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37
Q

what does P generation mean

A

purebread

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38
Q

what is the F1 generation

A

cross between a purebred purple (male parent) and a purebred white (female parent)

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39
Q

go study picyures in notebook

A

go

40
Q

what happens in the F2 generation

A

2 hybrid purple plants are crossed

41
Q

what do the results of a F2 generation look like

A

50% purebread
50% hybrids
75% purple, PP
25% white, pp

42
Q

what does a punnet square show

A

the probability of an outcome, but will not tell you the actual outcome

43
Q

what does DNA mean

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

44
Q

what is DNA

A

an organisms genetic materiel

45
Q

what is a complex molecule in the form of

A

a double helix (twisted zipper or twisted ladder)

46
Q

who discovered a double molecule and how

A

rosalind franklin and maurice wilkins used x - rays to study DNA, showed the Helix shape

47
Q

what is a nucleotide

A

molecule made up of a nitrogen base, a sugar, and a phosphate group.

48
Q

what makes up the sides of the ladder in the nucleotide

A

sugar and phosphate

49
Q

what does the nitrogen bases make up in the nucleotide

A

make up the rungs of the ladder

50
Q

what are the 4 types of nitrogen bases

A

adenime (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C)

51
Q

what do adenime (A) nitrogen bases bond with

A

bonds with thymine (T)

52
Q

what do cytosince (C) nitrogen bases bond with

A

guanine (G) nitrogen bases

53
Q

what does replication mean

A

the procces of copying a DNA molecule to make another DNA molecule

54
Q

what is the first step in DNA replication

A

the DNA strand separated between each nitrogen base

55
Q

what is the second step in DNA replication

A

free nitrogen bases match up with unzipped DNA

56
Q

what is the third step in DNA replication

A

the base continue to fill in until there are 2 complete, identical DNA molecules

57
Q

what does DNA carry that provides instructions for making all the proteins a cell needs

A

genes

58
Q

what do different numbers and sequences of base pairs create

A

different proteins

59
Q

what do most genes carry instructions for

A

proteins (some genes carry instructions on when and how fast proteins are made)

60
Q

what percent of DNA in a human is not part of any gene

A

97%

61
Q

what is the DNA called that is not part of any gene

A

“Junk DNA”

62
Q

what is RNA

A

a type of nucleic acid that carries the code for making proteins

63
Q

how many nucleotides is ribonucleic acid make of

A

4 nucleotides

64
Q

what are the 4 nucleotides that ribonucleic acid is made of

A

cystosine (C), guaine (G), adenine (A), uracil (U)

65
Q

what type of sugar does nucleotides use

A

uses the sugar, ribose

66
Q

what is the first step in making a protein

A
  1. Transcription
67
Q

what is transcription

A

the process of making mRNA from DNA

68
Q

where does transcription occur

A

in the nucleus

69
Q

what is the first step in transcription i

A

the DNA molecule unwinds

70
Q

what is the second step in transcription ii

A

messenger RNA (mRNA) bases pair up with the open DNA bases

71
Q

what is third step in transcription iii

A

the resulting mRNA base sequence travels from the nucleus to the cytoplasm

72
Q

what is the second step in making a protein

A

translation

73
Q

what is translation

A

the process of creating a protein molecule from RNA

74
Q

where does translation take place

A

takes place in the ribosomes in the cytoplasm

75
Q

what is the first step in translation i.

A

mRNA moves through a ribosome

76
Q

what is the second step in translation ii.

A

transfer RNA (tRNA) carries amino acids to the ribosome

77
Q

what is the third step in translation iii.

A

ribosomal RNA (rRNA) forms bonds that attach the amino acids together

78
Q

what are mutations

A

a change in the nucleotide sequence of a gene during replication

79
Q

what is the third step in making proteins

A

mutations

80
Q

what can mutations be caused by

A

by x-rays, radioactive material, chemicals, ect

81
Q

what are the three types of mutations

A

substitution, insertion, deletion

82
Q

what do all mutations result in

A

a change in the DNA sequence, which will cause changes in the protein produced

83
Q

what is substitution

A

one nitrogen base replaces another nitrogen base

84
Q

whats an example of substitution

A

sickle cell anemia

85
Q

what is sickle cell anemia

A

blood diseases that limit the amount of oxogen that the blood can carry

86
Q

what is insertion

A

an extra base pair (s) are added to a DNA strand

87
Q

whats an example on insertion

A

huntington’s disease

88
Q

what is Huntington’s disease

A

causes involuntary movement and problems with cognition

89
Q

what is deletion

A

a part of the DNA code is skipped

90
Q

whats an example of deletion

A

cystic fibrosis

91
Q

what is cystic fibrosis

A

causes lung infections which limit the ability to breathe

92
Q

what do the effects of a mutation depended upon

A

where the mutation occurs in the DNA sequences and the type of mutation

93
Q

what can mutation cause to change

A

can cause traits to change, can cause genetic disorder

94
Q

what is the negative results of a mutation

A

a mutation that reproduces an organisms aility to survive or reproduce, like previous genetic diseases

95
Q

what is a positive result of a mutation

A

a mutation that increases an organisms ability to survive or reproduce
ex: a change in color of covering that permits it to hide better in its habitat

96
Q

what is a neutral result of mutation

A

a mutation that does not affect on organisms ability to survive or reproduce
ex: a cat with 6 toes

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