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Social studies > The Environment and Changes Over Time > Flashcards

The Environment and Changes Over Time Flashcards

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1
Q

what is The Fossil Record

A

a recording of all the fossils ever discovered on earth.

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2
Q

how many fossils are in The Fossil Record

A

millions, repeating thousands of species

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3
Q

does The Fossil Record represent all species that have been on earth or only a fraction of them

A

only a fraction of all the species that have been on earth

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4
Q

what does The Fossil Record provide evidence of

A

that species have changes over time

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5
Q

what are the 5 ways of fossil formation

A

mineralizations, carbonization, Mold & casts, trace fossils, and original materia

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6
Q

how does mineralizations occur in the wild

A

occurs when minerals in the environment replace parts of the remains of plants or animals that have been buried.

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7
Q

how is carbonization formed in fossil formation

A

carbon films formed by the pressing of a dead organism

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8
Q

what does carbonization release

A

liquids and gases

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9
Q

what can the soft parts of an organism become in carbonization

A

carbon films

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10
Q

what is a mold in fossil formation

A

the impression of an organism in a rock

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11
Q

what is a cast in fossil formation

A

the sediment that fills the mold in a rock

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12
Q

what are trace fossils

A

the preserved evidence of the activity of an organism: tracks, habitat, ect.

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13
Q

what is an example of using trace fossils

A

tracks can tell the speed or weight of an organism

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14
Q

what is original material in fossils

A

the actual organism can be trapped in a material and preserved

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15
Q

what are some examples of preserving material

A

tree sap (amber), tar, ice

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16
Q

what is the sentence for remembering types of Fossil formations.

A

My Cunty Mom Cunted Target From Other Molds

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17
Q

wha are some of the tactics used for determining a fossils age

A

relative-age dating and Absolute-age dating,

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18
Q

how is relative-age dating performed

A

using the information around the fossil, scientists compare the ages of samples to each other

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19
Q

what can using relative-age dating determine

A

an order of age based on position

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20
Q

what is a downside to using relative-age dating

A

cannot tell the actual age of the items

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21
Q

in an undisturbed rock formation, the deeper the item is, the _____ it also is

A

older

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22
Q

how is abasloute-age dating preformed

A

using radioactive decay of available samples to determine the actual age of a fossil

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23
Q

what is radioactive decay

A

unstable isotopes of a sample naturally change into a stable form of the isotope over time

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24
Q

is the rate of radioactive decay predictable or unpredicatable

A

predictable

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25
Q

comparing the ratio of the two isotopes in radioactive decay, tells the scientist what?

A

the age of the samples

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26
Q

what type of rock is used for radioactive dating

A

igneous rock

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27
Q

why can’t sedimentary rock be used for radioactive dating

A

because it is built from the remains of organisms

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28
Q

what are the oldest known fossils, and how old are they

A

are bacteria colonies, that are 3.7 billion years old

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29
Q

where are the oldest bacteria colonies found

A

in Canada and greenland

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30
Q

how old is the oldest fossil visible to the human eye

A

565 million years old.

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31
Q

what is the Geologic time scale

A

the chart that divides earth’s history into different time units

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32
Q

are time periods all the same length

A

NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

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33
Q

what did scientists use to divide the time scale?

A

scientists used fossils and events

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34
Q

in rock layers, fossils would help to distinguish what?

A

time spans

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35
Q

could entire species disappear from one period to the next?

A

yes!!!!!!

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36
Q

what is the sudden disappearance of organisms caused by

A

extinction

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37
Q

what is extinction

A

when the last individual organism of a species dies.

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38
Q

what is mass extinction

A

is when several organisms all die off within a few years or less

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39
Q

how many mass extinctions have there been in this eon

A

5 mass extinctions

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40
Q

do scientists belive there will be a 6th mass extinction in this eon

A

yes, they belive that we are currently living in the 6th extinction

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41
Q

have other extinctions occured on a smaller scale

A

yes

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42
Q

is extinction thought to be a natural part of earth’s history

A

yes

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43
Q

what is environmental change

A

when the conditions in an area change the available food or shelter, certain organisms may not be able to survive the change and die off.

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44
Q

what can cause sudden change

A

volcanic eruptions or meteor strikes can cause enviormelntal change by putting ash or dirt into he atmosphere

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45
Q

why is it bad when dirt or ash is put into the atmosphere

A

it blocks the sun

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46
Q

the shifting of what, can slowly change the location or topography of an area

A

earth’s plates

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47
Q

what can species of animals be isolated by

A

the building of mountain ranges or the spread if oceans

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48
Q

can sea level changes also cause problems

A

yes

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49
Q

has fossil evidence that related species have changed overtime

A

yes

50
Q

what is biological evolution

A

the change overtime in populations of related organisms

51
Q

who was charles darwin

A

an english natruralist

52
Q

what did charles darwin study

A

plants and animals by obervation

53
Q

what did charles dawin develope through his studies

A

a theory of eveloution

54
Q

what type of ship was it that charles dawin sailed on to do an english survey

A

the HMS Beagle

55
Q

what was Charles Darwin particularly interested in

A

the Galapagos Islands

56
Q

where are the galapagos islands

A

an island chain of the west coast of south america

57
Q

what was special about the galapagos islands

A

each island had its own envirment type and similar species of animals but with different traits

58
Q

what was special about the tortoises on the galapaos islands

A

the tortoises from each island had different types of shells, corresponding to its environment

59
Q

what was uniqe about the mockingbirds and finches on the galapagos isalnds

A

finches had beaks that were helpful for obtaining the food on that island

60
Q

what was Darwins theory

A

believed that the different species devoloped due to the food source on the island

61
Q

what was Darwins common ancestry theory using tortoises

A

believed that all the touroise on the galapagos islands originated from a common ancestor on the mainland

62
Q

how did the tortoise get to the galagos islands from the mainland

A

a storm blew a small population to an island, and they disappeared to other islands

63
Q

why did variations in the tourtises neck and shell occur

A

due to the food supply

64
Q

what are variations

A

a variation is a difference in an inherited trait among members of a species

65
Q

what can variations in to in a species

A

changes in the phenotype due to sexual reproduction

66
Q

what is phenotype

A

the physical characteristics

67
Q

what is natural selection

A

the process by which organisms with variations more suited to their envoirment live longer, survive better, and reproduce more

68
Q

what does natural selection explain

A

how populations change as the environment changes

69
Q

what are adaptations

A

an inherited trait that increases an organisms change for survival and reprodution

70
Q

what are the three types of adaptations

A

structural adaptations, behavioral adaptations, and functional adaptations

71
Q

what do structural adaptations change

A

the color, shape or physical characteristics of an organism

72
Q

what is an example of structural adaptations

A

the different beak shape of the finches on the Galapagos islands

73
Q

how do behavioral adaptations change

A

change in the way an organism acts or behaves in different situations

74
Q

what is an example of behavioral adaptations

A

hunting by night vs. hunting by day and moving in heards

75
Q

what do functional adaptations change

A

the international workings of the organism

76
Q

what do functional adaptations affect

A

the organisms biochemistry

77
Q

what does biochemistry mean

A

the study of the chemical process in a living organism

78
Q

what is an example of functional adaptions

A

a drop in a body temperature during hibernation

79
Q

what are environmental interactions

A

adaptations that allow organisms to better survive in their environment

80
Q

what are 2 examples of environmental interactions

A

camouflage and mimicry

81
Q

what is camoflage

A

an adaption that permits an organism to blend into their environment

82
Q

what is mimicry

A

reselling another species, often a more threating species, to avoid being eaten

83
Q

what are the types of things that animals need to adapt to

A

temperature, water, climate

84
Q

what is artificial selection

A

the human intervention into selection of traits

85
Q

what is selective breeding

A

the breeding of organisms for desired characteristics

86
Q

what is an example of selective breeding

A

farmers choosing seeds from plants that are drought resistant grow large numbers of produce

87
Q

does evolution occur in more of a straight line or is it more complex

A

more complex

88
Q

several different related species are alive at the same time

A

yup yup yup

89
Q

species that are closely related share what?

A

a common ancestor

90
Q

what is dependent upon how closely related species are to their common ancestor

A

dependent upon how long ago they split, or diverged, form that ancestor

91
Q

what is comparative anatomy

A

the study of similarities and differences among structures of living species

92
Q

what are homologous structures

A

body parts of organisms that are similar in structure and position, but different in funtion

93
Q

what is an example of homologous strucres

A

arm structure (like the picture shown in class)

94
Q

what do similarities of parts of different organisms suggest

A

suggest those species are related

95
Q

the more alike structures are in different organisms, the more likely that they evolved from a ____ ____ _____

A

recent common ancestor

96
Q

what are analogous structures

A

body parts that perform a similar function, but have a different structure

97
Q

what do analogous structures on different organisms indicate

A

it would indicate that the species are not closely related

98
Q

what are vestigial structures

A

body parts that have lost their original function through evolution

99
Q

what is an example of vestigial structures

A

whales have pelvic bones, implies that they had legs to walk on land (fossil evidence supports this)

100
Q

what is embryology

A

the science of the development of embryos from fertilization to birth

101
Q

embryos of different species often resemble what?

A

each other at different stages developed

102
Q

what is a pharyngeal pouch

A

a part of all vertebrate embryos

103
Q

what do pharyngeal pouches develop into?

A

devolope into differnet organisms

104
Q

where are the location and function of pharyngeal pouches

A

are similar in different organisms

105
Q

what is molecular biology

A

the study of gene structure and funtion

106
Q

what has molecular biology confirmed, extended, and supproted

A

the theory of evelution

107
Q

do some stretches of DNA mutate at regular, predictable rates

A

yes yes ye s yes yes girly girl

108
Q

what is divergence used to estimate

A

when related species diverged from a common ancestor

109
Q

what does a branching tree show

A

when species separated

110
Q

what are the three types of comparative anatomy

A

Homologous structures, analogous structures, and vestigial structures.

111
Q

what is comparative anatomy

A

the study of similarities and differences among structures of living species

112
Q

what are homologs structures

A

are body parts of an organism that are similar in structure and position but different in function

113
Q

what are analogous structures

A

Body parts that perform a similar function but differ in structure

114
Q

what are vesgigal structures

A

body parts that have lost their original function through evolution

115
Q

what is the cornerstone of modern biology

A

the therory of evolution by natural selection

116
Q

what has provided evidence of evolution from living to extinct species

A

the study of fossils, anatomy, embryology, and molecular biology

117
Q

what are the 2 ideas regarding the rate of evolution

A

gradualism and punctuated equilibrium

118
Q

what is gradualism

A

evolution occurs slowly but steadily, tiny changes over a long period of time

119
Q

what is punctuated equilibrium

A

periods of rapid, sudden change in an organism (periods of rapid change followed by periods of no change)

120
Q
A

Social studies (7 decks)

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