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chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

in organisms what helps carry out all of the things nessacary to survive

A

cells

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2
Q

what are the two main unicellular organism groups

A

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

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3
Q

in a Prokaryotes
organism is genetic information in or not in a nucleus

A

not in a nucleus

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4
Q

what type of environment do Prokaryotes organisms
usually live in

A

harsh environment and usually live in colonies

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5
Q

is a Prokaryotes or a Eukaryotes organsim smaller and simpler

A

Prokaryotes

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6
Q

where is genetic info stored in a Eukaryotes organism

A

in a nucleus

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7
Q

why do Eukaryotes organisms have specialized parts with particular jobs

A

it helps keep the organism alive

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8
Q

where do new cells come from in multiceller organisms

A

from 1 original cell

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9
Q

can early cells become any type of cell in an organism

A

yes

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10
Q

what happens in cell differentiation

A

when cells become different types of cells

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11
Q

what do all cells have the same of

A

DNA instructions

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12
Q

If all cells have the same DNA instructions, then how are there different types of cells?

A

different cells use different parts of the instructions to become different

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13
Q

can all cells be differentiated

A

no

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14
Q

what are stem cells

A

are unspecialized cells that are able to develop into different
cell types

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15
Q

why do embryos have so many stem cells

A

so a developing organism can produce
the types of cells that are needed

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16
Q

what are adult stem cells primally used for

A

repair

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17
Q

where do plants have stem cells

A

in specific areas called meristems located at the root tips and stems

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18
Q

what can plant stem cells become

A

leaves, flowers, roots dependent upon the needs at the time.

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19
Q

what are the 4 types of tissues that humans (like most animals) have

A

muscle, connective, nervous, and epithelial

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20
Q

what does muscle do

A

cause movement

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21
Q

what does connective tissue do

A

-provides structure & support
-holds other types of tissues together

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22
Q

what does nervous tissue do

A

carries messages to & from the brain

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23
Q

what does epithelial tissue do

A
  • forms the protective layer of the skin
  • forms the lining of major organs & body cavities
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24
Q

what are the 3 main types of plant tissue

A

dermal, vascular, and ground

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25
Q

what does dermal tissue do

A
  • provides protection - reduces water loss
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26
Q

what does Vascular tissue do

A
  • transports water & nutrients throughout the plant
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27
Q

what does ground tissue do

A
  • provides storage & support
  • site of photosynthesis
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28
Q

what are organs

A

groups of different tissues that work together to perform a specific function

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29
Q

what is an example of organ tissue in humans

A

the stomach is made of all 4 types of tissue to break down your food

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30
Q

what is an example of organs in plants

A

plant leaves include all 3 types of tissues

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31
Q

whats an example of different organs working together to perform a series of tasks/functions in humans

A

the digestive system includes the stomach, but also includes the mouth,
connective tubes, and the intestines

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32
Q

whats an example of different organs working together to perform a series of tasks/functions in plants

A

shoots & roots to create & move required materials
throughout the plant

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33
Q

what is the cell cycle

A

a cycle of growth, development & division in most cells

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34
Q

what is the cell cycle responsible for

A

-growth & development of organisms
- replacing old or damaged cells
- producing new cells

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35
Q

what is the first phase of the cell cycle

A

interphase

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36
Q

what are the 3 stages of interphase

A

G1, S, and G2

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37
Q

what stage do cells spend most of their life in

A

interphase

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38
Q

what is the period of growth and development of a cell called

A

interphase

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39
Q

what is the length of the cell cycle dependent upon

A

the type of cell

40
Q

what is the normal time for a cell cycle to last

A

usually 24 hours

41
Q

how long can a cell cycle range from

A

8 hours to a year

42
Q

what happens to the original cell at the end of interphase

A

it no longer exists

43
Q

what stage of interphase is the period of rapid growth

A

G1

44
Q

what is the longest stage of a cell cycle

A

G1

45
Q

what duties does G1 carry out

A

carries out normal life functions & organelle replication

46
Q

some cells never leave the G1 phase. Whats an example of this type of cell

A

nerve cells

47
Q

what are the 3 stages of a cell cycle

A

interphase, Mitotic phase, Results of Cell Division

48
Q

in s stage of interphase, what happens after DNA replicates

A

after each DNA makes an identical copy, it coils up & forms a chromosome

49
Q

in the s stage of interphase, what happens if there are identical chromosomes

A

identical chromosomes join & form duplicated chromosomes

50
Q

what is an identical sister chromatid

A

each half of the duplicated chromosome is an identical sister chromatid

51
Q

what are chromatids held together by

A

a centromere

52
Q

what does a cell use in the s stage of interphase to copy DNA

A

uses cell energy

53
Q

what is the final stage of interphase

A

G2

54
Q

what happens in G2

A

growth & final preparation for division, cell stores energy for use in the next phase

55
Q

how many new cells form in G2

A

2

56
Q

what happens to all the organelles that have replicated during all stages of interphase

A

they are distributed
between the 2 new cells that are forming

57
Q

what is the 2nd phase of the cell cycle called

A

mitotic phase

58
Q

how many new cells mare made during the mitotic phase

A

2 new cells, replacing the original cell

59
Q

what happens during mitosis

A

the nucleus & its contents divide

60
Q

what are the 5 phases of mitosis

A

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, and Cytokinesis.

61
Q

what is a cell cycle

A

a cycle of growth, development & division in most cells

62
Q

what is the cell cycle responsible for

A

-growth & development of organisms
- replacing old or damaged cells
- producing new cells

63
Q

what is the first phase of the cell cycle

A

interphase

64
Q

what are the two phases of the cell cycle

A

interphase, mitotic

65
Q

what happens during interphase

A

the period of growth & development of the cell

66
Q

what stage can cells spend most of their life in

A

cells spend most of their life in the interphase stage

67
Q

what is the length of a cell’s cycle dependent upon

A

the type of cell

68
Q

how long can the cell cycle range from

A

8 hours to a year

69
Q

what happens to the original cell at the end of interphase

A

at the end of interphase, the original cell no longer exists

70
Q

what are the 3 stages interphase is broken into

A

G1, S, G2

71
Q

What happens during the G1 phase

A

period of rapid growth and carries out normal life functions & organelle replication

72
Q

what is the longest stage of the cell cycle

A

G1

73
Q

whats an example of a type of cell that never leaves G1

A

nerve cells

74
Q

what happens during the S stage

A

normal cell growth continues and DNA replicates

75
Q

in the S stage what happens after each DNA makes and identical copy

A

coils up & forms a chromosome

76
Q

what happens when there are identical chromosomes in the S stage

A

identical chromosomes join & form duplicated chromosomes

77
Q

what is each half of a duplicated chromosome called

A

each half of the duplicated chromosome is an identical sister chromatid

78
Q

what are chromatids held together by

A

the chromatids are held together by a centromere

79
Q

what does the cell use to copy DNA in the S stage

A

cell uses energy in the copying of the DNA

80
Q

what is the final stage of interphase called

A

G2

81
Q

what are the 2 stages of the cell cycle

A

interphase and mitosis

82
Q

what happens during G2

A
  • growth & final preparation for division
  • cell stores energy for use in the next phase
83
Q

how many new cells are formed during G2

A

2

84
Q

how are the organelles that have replicated during all stages of interphase used in G2

A

they are distributed
between the 2 new cells that are forming

85
Q

what happens during the mitotic phase

A

this phase creates 2 new identical cells, replacing the original cell

86
Q

what are the two main stages in mitotic phase

A

mitosis and results of cell division

87
Q

what happens in mitosis

A

the nucleus & its contents divide

88
Q

what are the phases of mitosis

A

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, and cytokinesis

89
Q

what happens during prophase

A

copied DNA creates chromosomes
- nucleolus & nuclear membrane disappear
- spindle fibers begin to form in the cytoplasm

90
Q

what happens during metaphase

A
  • chromosomes line up along the center of the cell
  • spindle fibers attach to the centromeres & move the chromosomes into position
  • shortest phase in mitosis
91
Q

what happens during anaphase

A
  • chromatids separate
  • spindle fibers pull the chromatids to opposite ends of the cell
  • cell elongates
92
Q

what happens during telephase

A
  • spindle fibers disappear
  • the nucleolus & nuclear membrane reform around the chromosomes
  • called the opposite of prophase
93
Q

what happens in cytokenesis

A
  • the cell’s cytoplasm & its contents divide into 2 new cells
  • often occurs at the same time as telophase
94
Q

in animal cells how do cells separate

A
  • the cell membrane begins to pinch together until 2 new cells are formed
  • it forms a furrow in the center of the cell until the membrane completes
    & breaks the cell in half
95
Q

in plant cells, how do cells separate

A
  • a new cell wall begins to form across the cell
  • vesicles form a cell plate that becomes the cell wall
96
Q

what are the 4 results of cell divison (Rugged Guys Replace Rats)

A

reproduction, growth, replacement, and repair

97
Q
A

Social studies (7 decks)

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