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Veterinary Reproduction (VEM 5111) > Sexual Development > Flashcards

Sexual Development Flashcards

1
Q

Female Pseudohermaphrodite

A

XX w/ ovaries but male/ambiguous phentotype (less common than male pseudo)

Can occur in female puppies if mother is given too much progesterone during pregnancy

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2
Q

Urogenital Sinus (XX)

A

Remains open

Caudal vagina, vestibule

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3
Q

TDF

A

Testis determining factor (aka Sry protein, HY antigen)

Located on Y xsome

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3
Q

Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH)

A

Causes regression of female duct system (paramesonephric/Müllerian)

Produced by Sertoli cells (in male)

(Sometimes referred to as MIS)

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4
Q

X inactivation

A

Normal process in females!

Random X inactivation (leads to mosaicism, calico cats)

1 “X” in each cell is turned off (not the same “X” in all cells!)

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5
Q

Dihydrotestosterone

A

Product of testosterone and 5-alpha reductase

Potent androgen

Required for phenotypic masculinization (penis, scrotum, accessory glands)

Absence causes female differentiation

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5
Q

Mosaic

A

Animals w/ more than 1 genetically distant population of cells but all cells originate from a single zygote (non-disjunction during mitosis of early embryo)

Phenotype depends on proportion of normal cells

Ex. Tortoiseshell/calico cats (and debatably all normal females)

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6
Q

Abnormalities of Gonadal Sex

A

Xsomal & gonadal sex do not agree

Aka “sex reversal”

Ex: XY w/ ovaries, XX w/ testes

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7
Q

Primordial Germ Cells (PGCs)

A

Originate from yolk sac & migrate to genital ridge

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8
Q

Genital Swelling (XX)

A

Remains open

Vulva

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8
Q

Pseudohermaphrodite

A

Chromosomes and gonads agree but phenotype does not (ambiguity common)

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9
Q

Genital Ridge

A

Precursor of gonad

Undifferentiated, bipotential

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10
Q

Mesonephric/Wolffian Duct

A

Precursor to male reproductive organs (epididymis, deferent duct, urethra)

Present in early embryo alongside paramesonephric/Müllerian duct

Development promoted by testosterone

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10
Q

Genital Tubercle (XY)

A

Becomes penis (in presence of DHT)

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11
Q

Chromosomal Disorders of Sexual Differentiation

A

Originate from non-disjunction of sex xsomes or chromatids during meiosis/mitosis

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13
Q

Leydig Cells

A

Produce testosterone (development of mesonephric/Wolffian ducts into male repro organs)

14
Q

Sex Reversed Males

A

XX w/ testes

Sry positive: Sry translocated onto X gene during meiosis

Sry negative: due to other mutations

14
Q

Polled Intersex Syndrome (PIS)

A

Genes for polled condition and intersexuality on closely linked loci Intersex is recessive (PP female) , polled is dominant

PP female: degree of male differentiation, sterile

PP males: fertile

Pp: polled & fertile pp: horned & fertile (keep these males for safe breeding!!)

16
Q

Phenotypic Sex

A

Determined by hormones produced by gonads

Masculinization: testosterone and DHT

17
Q

Gonadal Sex (XY)

A

Initiated by functional Sry gene (TDF/HY Ag) on Y xsome

Testes develop

18
Q

Kleinfelter’s Syndrome

A

Xsomal sex: XXY

Gonadal sex: testes (often cryptorchid)

Phenotypic sex: male (presence of Sry)

Usually sterile, abnormal phenotype (male calico cats)

20
Q

Genital Tubercle (XX)

A

Becomes clitoris

22
Q

True Hermaphrodite

A

Both ovarian AND testicular tissue present

  • 1 testis, 1 ovary
  • 1 testis, 1 ovotestis
  • 1 ovary, 1 ovotestis
  • 2 ovotestes
23
Q

Genital Swelling (XY)

A

Closes (in presence of DHT)

Scrotum

24
Q

Chromosomal Sex

A

Determined @ fertilization (XX or XY)

Drives gonadal differentiation

25
Q

Male Pseudohermaphrodite

A

XY w/ testes but female/ambiguous phenotype (more common than female pseudo)

26
Q

Trisomy X

A

Xsomal sex: XXX

Gonadal sex: ovaries

Phenotypic sex: female

Abnormal phenotype

26
Q

Sex Reversed Females

A

Y xsome present, but w/ non-functional Sry gene

Undifferentiated/Streak gonads

Phenotype: female that is not fully developed

27
Q

Sertoli Cells

A

Produce Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH)

Regression of paramesonephric/Müllerian duct system

28
Q

Urogenital Sinus (XY)

A

Closes (in presence of DHT)

Urethra, prostate

30
Q

Gonadal Sex (XX)

A

No Sry gene (TDF/HY Ag)

Wnt, Dax1, FoxL2 genes on both X’s

Ovaries develop

31
Q

Paramesonephric/Müllerian Duct

A

Precursor to female reproductive organs (oviducts, uterus, cervix, cranial vagina)

Present in early embryo alongside mesonephric/Wolffian duct

Regresses in presence of AMH

32
Q

Turner’s Syndrome/Monosomy

A

Xsomal sex: XO

Gonadal sex: ovary or streak gonad

Phenotypic sex: female

Small stature, underdeveloped internal & external genitalia, usually sterile

33
Q

Freemartinism

A

Cow has a male/female set of twins

Twins placentas fuse, blood mixes

Female calf (freemartin) receives testosterone and DHT transplacentally from male before gonadal differentiation

Freemartin undergoes some masculinization and is sterile

35
Q

Chimera

A

Animals w/ more than 1 genetically distinct population of cells and these cells originated from more than 1 zygote

Ex. freemartinism in bovine spp.

36
Q

Abnormalities of Phenotypic Sex

A

Xsomal & gonadal sex do not agree w/ phenotypic sex (may be ambiguous)

Result of hormonal defect or hormone receptor defect

Ex. pseudohermaphrodites

Veterinary Reproduction (VEM 5111) (10 decks)

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