sexual behaviour

Question 1

the ultimate goal

Answer 1

the ultimate goal
❑ Produce offspring for the next generation

Question 2

the immediate goal?

Answer 2

the immediate goal?
❑ Bonding, social
❑ Gratification- highly motivated behaviour
❑ Hormones & reward systems- endorphins

Question 3

what is thephysiological response to sexual behaviour?

Answer 3

endorphins

Question 4

advantage of sexual repro

Answer 4

❑ New genetic variations in subsequent offspring/ generational success and selection

Question 5

how does sexual behav. effect adaptability?

Answer 5

loss of bad mutations
good mutations spread
desiease resistance
adaptability to env change

• some of these benefit production

Question 6

2 goals of sex repro
hint - cost benefit

Answer 6

Maximize offspring reared
Minimize investment time and energy

Question 7

polygamous,
dimorphic

defs

Answer 7

polygamous, - mates w more than one indivisual

dimorphic- seperate male and female roles

Question 8

female selects male based on:4

Answer 8

fitness/health
symmetry
coloration
availability

-note- these are good traits to pass on

Question 9

Sex and Commitment - Mammals

female investment:
direct or indirect?
what does that mean

Answer 9

direct
a female mammal makes in the offspring after mating, which typically involves providing resources like time, energy, and care to ensure the survival and development of the young.
-huge time, energy and resouce cost

Question 10

Sex and Commitment - Mammals

males: direct or indirect
what does it mean

Answer 10

indirect
means that males usually don’t provide as much direct care or resources to the offspring after conception. Instead, their contributions are often more focused on genetic investment and mate selection rather than physical care.

Question 11

Causation: what happens?
hormones
what are the effected targets? 2

Answer 11

reproductive tissues and nervous sys

Question 12

Causation: what happens?
hormones
Hormones (regulatory substances) (gonadotropins) carried by
the x to gonads (ovaries and testes) where they stimulate
development of x and x

Answer 12

Hormones (regulatory substances) (gonadotropins) carried by
the blood to gonads (ovaries and testes) where they stimulate
development of eggs and sperm

Question 13

xproduce the sex hormones

Answer 13

Gonads produce the sex hormones

Question 14

x directly control most reproductive behaviour

Answer 14

sex hormones (estrogen or testosterone)
that directly control most reproductive behaviour

Question 15

Increase likelihood that behaviour is performed
given appropriate x

Answer 15

Increase likelihood that behaviour is performed
given appropriate environment

Question 16

Considerable individual X in hormone
responses and behaviour

Answer 16

Considerable individual variation in hormone
responses and behaviour

Question 17

Female Sexual Behaviour in Estrus:

Attractivity- caused by..
proceptivity- caused by..
Receptivity- caused by

Answer 17

Attractivity- pheromones
Proceptivity- male seeking
Receptivity- standing, lordosis

proceptivity-active participation in the mating process. It’s not just about attracting a mate; proceptive behavior involves the female’s actions that encourage or initiate the male’s attention.

Question 18

female becomes more x to male when in estrus

Answer 18

attracted

Question 19

pheromones in urine cause the x reponse

Answer 19

flehmens

Question 20

attractivity: pheremones

pheremones x males
pheremones may speed up sexual x
can impact social x

Answer 20

attract
maturation (can bring other females into heat)
impact social grouping. form SAGs

Question 21

Proceptivity def
this is not present in what specie

Answer 21

Proceptivity
◼ Initial phase when courtship occurs

not present in poultry

Question 22

during the proceptivity phase, what hormone is secreted? (in cows)

Answer 22

LH

Question 23

Ram Seeking in Ewes – driven by x and x

Answer 23

age and weight

Question 24

Higher ram seeking in x animals

Answer 24

heavier

heavier ewes are more likely to actively seek out a ram
-(heavier wt correlates with
sexual maturity)

Question 25

Higher ram seeking in x age and mixed age flocks

Answer 25

older -(older correlates with sexual maturity)

Question 26

Larger paddocks – x seeking in both age group ewe

Answer 26

decreased seeking when ewes (female sheep) are kept in larger paddocks (larger areas or fields), they exhibit less seeking behavior toward rams

Question 27

receptivity def:

Answer 27

Accepts male advances, ‘standing’: species specific behaviours

Question 28

Silent ovulation def

Answer 28

Silent ovulation ❑ Ovulations without estrous behaviour

Question 29

Estrous behaviour is only induced if the female has recently been exposed to high levels of x (a hormone)

Answer 29

progesterone If the ewe has not recently formed a corpus luteum (due to lack of a previous cycle), it won't produce enough progesterone, causing it to fail to show estrus when it ovulates. this causes a silent ovulation. she still ovulates but the ram cannot detect behaviour or pheremones estrus behaviour will occur next cycle

Question 30

silent ovulation is more common in ewes, but also occurs in cattle but rare. it is often the X ovulation in cattle

Answer 30

first post partum ovulation. (no behavioural indications) ❑ Corpus luteum then releases progesterone, which resets brain and results in normal next cycle

Question 31

the ram effect

Answer 31

exposure to a sexually mature male. used in breeding herds. ovulation occurs faster, or synchronized

Question 32

boar effect

Answer 32

Boar exposure induces estrous in sows ◼ Induces puberty in gilts ❑ Boar salivary pheromones critical -These pheromones, secreted in the saliva of male pigs (boars), serve as a form of chemical communication that signals the boar's presence and sexual readiness to sows

Question 33

Presence of Male - Cattle

Answer 33

some evidence that bulls can influence estrous cycle- doesnt hurt but may not help

Question 34

Male Sexual Behaviour: Sexual motivation and performance is stimulated by x and x stimuli

Answer 34

visual and olfactory stimuli

Question 35

Increased in goats, bulls and horses by observing another male mate, or being restrained near teaser animal ❑ Used in breeder poultry industry – “spiking” this is x specific

Answer 35

species specific

Question 36

Flehmen reponse ❑ inhales with mouth open and upper lip curled to allow exposure to the x organ ❑ odour compounds directly contact this organ

Answer 36

vomeronasal organ

Question 37

Species-Specific Behaviour: boar ex sheep ex goat ex

Answer 37

Boar- “chant-de-coeur” ❑ Males produce odour and vocalize to stimulate females ◼ Sheep -Males paw, lick ◼ Goat - Males urinate

Question 38

Male Competition: Generally size, age, seniority ❑ Dominant ◼ Most matings, but there is a cost….

Answer 38

defending position and the herd means young males sneak matings

Question 39

Assessing Sexual Performance: High performance requires high x and competent x abilities

Answer 39

High performance requires high motivation and competent physical activities

Question 40

Assessing Sexual Performance: measures

Answer 40

AI collection or live breeding - look at offspring and sexual performance ❑ Serving capacity = Breedings per unit time ❑ Semen quality- sperm count, activity did they perform well in the past?

Question 41

Coolidge Effect def

Answer 41

Sexual motivation restored by exposure to new or different females that are in estrous

Question 42

coolidge effect: sequnce (3)

Answer 42

Elements of sexual behaviour sequence ❑ Appetitive (invitation to approach and mount) ❑ Consummatory (period when sexual act takes place) ❑ Refractory (recovery phase)

Question 43

what stage of the cooliage effect do the males increase to speed up mating?

Answer 43

Refractory period is where the males speed up during the Coolidge Effect ◼ Increases matings per day -less rest means faster mating