learning Flashcards
learning def
The acquisition of
knowledge or skills through
experience, practice, or
study, or by being taught
Learning
Shapes x within a generation
Learning
Shapes behaviour within a generation
Behaviours can be fully functional without
x , but not all!
what does this mean?
Behaviours can be fully functional without
practice, but not all!
meaning they do not require prior experience or learning to function properly
animals use a combination of experience and the behaviour naturally happening for the behaviour to develop.
list the 5 types of learning in order of increasing complexity
- sensitization
- habituation
- Associative: Classical and operant
- Insight
- Imprinting
1 and 2. Habituation and Sensitization
defs
these 2 are the x complex of the 5
are the least complex
Habituation – results when a REDUCTION in response occurs from the repeated exposure
Sensitization – results when an INCREAED response occurs as a result of repeated exposure
habituation:
“learning whatnot to do”
Get used to it and becomes less reactive Once they realized its not harmful
Responding to every situation requires large X expenditure, so habituation helps to limit the situations that are responded to
energy
habituation is X specific
stimulus specific
- meaning the organism’s response decreases to that specific stimulus, not to similar ones.
- ex if the animal gets used to ruffling leaves, it will still respond to a flag waving. its similar bit not the same.
sensitization. whats the purpose?
protection. it hurt them last time so they dont want to do it again
3rd type of learning: Associative learning
def
Associative learning refers to the process by which individuals learn to associate two stimuli, leading to a change in behavior.
this stimulus and response occurs again and again then an association is formed
3rd type of learning: 2 types of associative learning and defs
classical conditioning
- This process involves pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus (one that naturally triggers a response) that makes a conditioned response
ex. pavlovs dogs
operant conditioning
-Operant conditioning is a type of learning where behavior is influenced by the consequences that follow it. If a behavior is followed by a rewarding consequence (reinforcement), the behavior is more likely to be repeated. If a behavior is followed by an unpleasant consequence (punishment), the behavior is less likely to be repeated.
3rd type of learning: Associative learning: Classical conditioning
the order of the stimuli matters.
what order provides the best repsonse?
unconditional stimulus (food) at
least partially precedes the conditional stimulus (bell)
BEST RESPONSE!
if the food comes slightly before the
bell- this works best
3rd type of learning: Associative learning: Classical conditioning
the order of the stimuli matters.
if the two stimuli are presented at the same time is this effective?
not very effective
3rd type of learning: Associative learning: Classical conditioning
the order of the stimuli matters.
backward conditioning. def
is this effective?
the sound then the food.
not effective
3rd type of learning: Associative learning:
Operant conditioning
Starts with the animal achieving an reward through a x occurrence
Starts with the animal achieving an reward through a
chance occurrence
if the reward occurs enough times, the animal learns to perform this behaviour
3rd type of learning:
x conditioning can be used to teach complex behaviours
operant conditioning
3rd type of learning: Associative learning: Operant conditioning
reinforcement schedule
which type of reinforcement schedule is the most efficient?
Continuous reinforcement schedule – rewarded each
time
Strongest and most consistent responses
3rd type of learning: Associative learning: Operant conditioning
reinforcement schedule
fixed ratio schedule- what is this and
whats a negative to this?
ex given treat each 5th time.
Results in high rate of responses
If only gets reward each 5th time they just push
it over and over
3rd type of learning: Associative learning: Operant conditioning
reinforcement schedule
Variable ratio schedule
def
how do the responses change?
number of times they must
attempt changes
High rate of response but unpredictable
highly motivated but not always willing to do the behaviour
4th type of learning
Insight
def
Learning which occurs with a mental process, where a
problem that has been harassed the individual for a while
suddenly becomes solved
5th type of learning
imprinting
list 3 main characteristics of imprinting
only in young animals during the critical period
irreversible
long lasting effects- thorughout life
its a type of social recognition- required memory and recognition
