Sexual and Asexual Reproduction

Question 1

Characteristics of asexual reproduction

Answer 1

single parent cell
can replicate without another organism’s genetic material
genetically identical offspring

Question 2

characteristics of sexual reproduction

Answer 2

two different individuals combine their genetics to produce a new individual

genetic information is carried in the chromosome of a gamete

gamete are haploid cells

together two gametes combine to create a diploid zygote –> embryo

Question 3

pros and cons of asexual reproduction

Answer 3

only 1 parent
time and energy efficient
rapid population growth
offspring genetically identical to parent (both good and bad)

Question 4

pros and cons of sexual reproduction

Answer 4

2 parent organisms
time and energy inefficient
slower population growth
offspring genetically variable
adaptation and selection lead to evolution
more resistant to disease and can survive better

Question 5

types of asexual reproduction

Answer 5

1. binary/mutiple fission
2. fragmentation
3. budding
4. vegetative propogation
5. parthenogenesis

Question 6

ty

Question 7

what organisms undergo sexual reproduction?

Answer 7

only eukaryotic organisms

1. dioecious (make or female reproductive systems)
2. monoecious (can have both either at the same time (hermaphrodites), or have one then change to another)

Question 8

the two locations where embryos can develop?

Answer 8

oviparous
- embryo develops internally in an egg

viviparous
- embryo develops internally in an organism

Question 9

Fission

Answer 9

parent cell/organism seperates itself into equally sized daughter cells or organisms

all kingdoms and domains do this

most common in bacteria, archaea and protista

Question 10

Binary fission

Answer 10

two equally sized offspring produced

common in prokaryotes

initial enlargement of the parent cell and the duplication of the parent nucleus before division

Question 11

Multiple fission

Answer 11

fission resulting in multiple offspring

more common in protista

very fast

division of the nucleus into many parts adn the cytoplasm forms aroudn the nuclei and the cells seperate

often have multi-nuclide (many nucleuses) within their cells

Question 12

Budding

Answer 12

found in all domains and kingdoms

boht uni and multicellular organisms

outgrowth on the parent cell/organism that breaks off

usually occurs in specific places, but can theoretically occur anywhere

it breaks off to form a new smaller daughter cell that are different sizes

Question 13

Fragmentation

Answer 13

parent organisms breaks into fragments that can grow indeendently into a full organism

identical to the parent organism

intentional and unintentional

Question 14

vegetative propogation

Answer 14

similar to fragmentation

a new full organism can form from a piece of its parent organism

only occurs with plants

since plants are sedentary, it often involved the fragment moving away from the parent plant

Question 15

parthenogenesis

Answer 15

multicellular plant or animal

development of an organisms from an unfertilised gamete, most commonly an egg cell

often occurs in organisms that can undergo sexual reproduction

part of the mechanism that determines sex in some species

Question 16

How can asexual reproduction occur in plants

Answer 16

production of seeds without fertilisation, called apomixis

planting of buds, for potatoes

Question 17

artificial asexual reproductive methods of plants

Answer 17

graftung
cutting
layering
micropropogation

Question 18

how does grafting work?

Answer 18

the upper portion of one plant is attached to the lower portion of another
forming a graft
the upper part is called the scion
the lower part is called the rootstock

Question 19

Which organisms are mainly haploid and which are mainly diploid/differences?

Answer 19

fungi are usualyl primarily haploid, whereas other organisms are usualyl diploid in their lifetimes

Some alternate between both (also usually fungi)
an organism produces sports, which are haploid. These then develop into a haploid organism. They then produce gametes, which combine to produce a diploid zygote that develops into a diploid individual called a sporophyte

Question 20

Monoecious

Answer 20

hermaphrodites/organisms can be both female and male either at the same time or one after the other

sexual reproduction is thought to have evolved from this

evertone can produce offspring

usually presents as having a female and male flower on the same plant

in animals, both parents produce offspring when they mate

some can also change their sexes throughout their lives

Question 21

dioecious

Answer 21

male and female are different organisms

halves the number of individuals that can produce offspring

reduces the risk of self-fertilisation and increases genetic variability

occured via the gradual increase in one of the sex roles

Question 22

what are isogamy and anisogamy/

Answer 22

isogamy: gametes are the same size

anisogamy: gametes are different size

often females produce larger gametes than males (and less) therefore resulting in selection pressures that eventually differentiated the created into two sexes

Question 23

How are flowers used to reproduce?

Answer 23

produce and release sperm
create and store eggs
capture sperm for fertilisation

Question 24

4 floral organs

Answer 24

sepals
petals
stamens
carpels

Question 25

sepals

Answer 25

encase and protect the flower buds and are typically green and leaf-life

Question 26

petals

Answer 26

protect other flower structures and are usually bright to attract pollinators

Question 27

carpels and tamens

Answer 27

fertile flower organs
produce spores which develop into sperm and eggs

Question 28

stamen

Answer 28

have an anther and filament

anthers
help to create spores which develop into pollen grains, whcih give rise to sperm

Question 29

carpel

Answer 29

consists of ovary, style and stigma

the ovary consists of one or more ovules, which has an embryo sac which then forms an egg

the stigma traps pollen and allows mobile sperm to reach the stationary eggs