Population

Question 1

Explain Diploid Genetics

Answer 1

There is no limit on the amount of alleles, but there has to be at least 1
2 copies of each chromosome, resulting in 2 allales, this is why it is called diploid
There is genetic dominance and variance

Question 2

What is genetic dominance and what are the types?

Answer 2

One allele can be dominant over the other, resulting in the organism presenting the dominant alleles phenotype, over the recessive phenotype

Complete dominance
- when heterozygous, the dominant is the only phenotype displayed

Incomplete dominance
- when heterozygous, the phenotype is a mix of the two alleles (red, white and pink)

Co-dominance
- when heterozygous, the phenotype shows both alleles (spotty)

Question 3

What does the Hardy Wienberg Theorum do?

Answer 3

It predicts the population allele frequency, where allele frequency in a population will remain constant over time

p^2+2pq=q^2=1

where dominant= p
where recessive=q

and p+q=1

Question 4

What are the conditions of hardy-wienberg theorum

Answer 4

1. Infinite population size
   
   2. Random mating of individuals
   3. Absence of genetic mutations
   4. Absence of natural selection
   5. Absence of gene flow

essentially assume that all agents of evolutionary change aren’t happening (recombinance isnt relevant because we are only focused on one gene)

Notes:
This population does not evolve
most natural populations violate at least oen of these rules and therefore allele frequency will change
null model of evolution

Question 5

How to calculate Hardy-Wienberg when deviations occur?

Answer 5

Use the total number of specimens to calculate the predicted

then use the observed frequencies to calculate p and q for the real

if they match, then the population is under the conditions, if they don’t match, then they’re not

Question 6

Chi Squared Testing

Answer 6

Test whether or not something is significant or not

where chi squared (x^2)=the sum of ((O-E)^2/E)
where O is the observed
E is the expected

Then you check the degrees of freedom (number of alleles-1)

Then the p value is the x^2 value, and you can check if it is significant

If the null hypothesis is rejected, then the results are significant, if it cannot be rejected, then the results are insignificant

Question 7

what is population structure/what does it do?

Answer 7

statistically measures and explains levels of variation in allele frequencies between two or more populations

Question 8

low or no population structure vs high levels of population structure

Answer 8

when gene flow and migration is common between groups, genetic variation is shared and it is impossible to determine which group and individual belongs to

high levels of population structure occur when groups are isolated