Sexology Literatuur 2 Flashcards
1
Q
homologous
A
organs that develop from the same tissue before birth
- male and female sexual organs
2
Q
analogous
A
when two organs have similar functions
3
Q
monthly cycle of changes in ovaries and uterus; 3 phases
A
1) follicular phase (egg containing follicle matures)
2) ovulation (ruptured follicle releases unfertilized egg)
3) luteal phase (empty follicles in ovary: corpus luteum ; thickening of uterine lining)
4
Q
Skene’s gland
A
female prostate; G-spot
- erotic sensitivity
- some women: secretes fluid similar to male prostate fluid
5
Q
cervix
A
lower 1/3 part of the uterus
- opening between the vagina and uterus
6
Q
uterus consist of 3 layers
A
1: endometrium (supplied with glands and blood vessels)
2: myometrium (muscular –> contractions of labor and orgasm)
3: perimetrium (external cover)
7
Q
corpus luteum
A
the site of the egg maturation in the ovary
8
Q
ovary
A
two at the site of the egg production and when fertilized, at the corpus luteum
9
Q
oviducts/fallopian tubes
A
transport mature eggs towards uterus
10
Q
vulva
A
exterior parts; labia majora, labia minora, clitoris
11
Q
mons pubis
A
rounded pad of tissue where pubic hair grows
12
Q
bartholin glands
A
2 tiny gland next to vaginal entrance - vaginal lubrication, no further function
13
Q
fourchette
A
where inner lips come together behind vaginal opening
14
Q
perineum
A
skin between vagina and anus
15
Q
introitus
A
other word for vaginal opening
16
Q
vagina
A
tube-shaped organ; connects with vaginal opening and at the top, connects with cervix
17
Q
vagina walls: 3 layers
A
1: inner layer = vaginal mucosa
2: middle layer = muscular
3: outer layer = covering
18
Q
pubococcygeus muscle
A
a pelvic floor muscle: can be stretched during childhood
19
Q
pelvic floor muscles
A
set of muscles surrounding vagina, urethra and anus
20
Q
vestibular bulbs
A
2 mini organs on either side of vaginal wall under inner lips; erectile tissue
21
Q
fallopian tubes
A
extending out from uterus; pathway by which the egg travels towards uterus, and sperm reaches egg
22
Q
infundibulum
A
where fertilization of egg typically takes place
23
Q
ovaries
A
2 organs on either side of uterus; produce eggs, and manufacture estrogen and progesteron
24
Q
follicles
A
capsule that surrounds an egg
25
areola
darker area around nipple
26
testes
two testes outside abdomen, in scrotum (sperm and testosterone production)
27
ductus (or vas) deferens
pair of muscle-lined tubes carrying sperm
27
epididymis
rubbery device where sperm matures and is stores before ejaculation
27
bulbourethral glands
two glands providing fluid to lubricate inside urethra for easier sperm passage
28
prostate gland
organ wrapped around urethra to provide muscular contractions and block urine during ejaculation
29
glans
end/tip of penis
30
meatus/urethral opening
opening at the end of the glans
31
shaft
main part of penis
32
corona
raised ridge at the end of the glans; most sexually excitable
33
corpora cavernosa
2 spongy bodies on top of penis
34
corpus spongiosum
spongy body on bottom of penis
35
scrotum
loose skin tissue than contains testes
36
foreskin
covers glans
37
Tyson's glands
under foreskin; produce cheesy-textured substande called smegma
38
testes (= endocrine glands)
gonads of male, analogous to ovaries
- 2 functions:
1) manufacture sperm cells
2) manufacture testosterone
39
seminiferous tubules
inside testes: manufacture and store sperm (spermatogenesis)
40
interstitial cells
inside testes: produce testosterone
41
sperm cells: stages of maturation
1) spermatogonium
2) spermatocyte
3) spermatozoan (sperm)
42
route of sperm
1) produced in seminiferous tubulus
2) rete testes
3) passes out of testis
4) epididymus, where it's stored until ejaculation and until they mature
5) passes upon vas deferens upon ejaculation
43
seminal vesicles
2 saclike structures above the prostrate, behind bladder; produce 60% of seminal fluid, the rest is produced by prostate (fluid comes out combined with sperm)
44
prostate
lies behind bladder: composed of muscle and glandular tissue
- secretes fluid that provides favorable environment for sperm
45
Cowper's glands
below prostate
- during arousal, they secrete alkaline fluid, which comes out just before ejaculation (neutralizes acidic urethra)
46
breast cancer
- 2nd most common form of cancer in women
- risk factors: genetic, menopausal hormone therapy and obesity
47
most common cancers after breast cancer
- cervix (95% causes by HPV)
- endometrium
- ovaries
48
prostate cancer
most common after lung cancer in men
- symptoms: frequent urination, difficulty in urination
49
testes cancer
most common in young men
50
endocrine glands
manufacture hormones and secrete directly into bloodstream
- thyroid, adrenal, pituitary glands
51
sex hormones
testosterone (part of group androgens), estrogens and progesterone
52
gonads
(sex glands)
- testes and ovaries
53
hypothalamus
regulates pituitary, which regulates testes and ovaries
- produces GnRH, which regulates LH levels
54
testosterone
functions = stimulating and maintaining secondary sex characteristics, genitals and their sperm-producing capability and growth of bone and muscle
55
pituitary
produces follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), which affect functioning of testes
56
HPG-axis
hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis
57
ovaries
produce estrogen and progesterone
- develop at 13-14 weeks
58
estrogen
induces changes of puberty, maintaining mucous membranes of vagina, stopping the growth of bone and muscle
59
pituitary secretes:
1: prolactin (secretion of milk after giving birth)
2: oxytocin (produced in both sexes): stimulates ejection of milk, contractions of uterus during childbirth and promotes affectionalte bonding)
60
stages of sex chromosomes
1: single cell (fertilized egg)
XX female, XY male
2: cell divides repeatedly
3: 28 days after conception: embryo still in undifferentiated state
4: 7th week: embryo has pair of gonads
5: 12 weeks: gender is clear, external genitals
61
cryptorchidism
one or two of the testes may not descend
62
chromosomal gender
XX in females, XY in males
63
gonadal gender
ovaries in females, testes in males
64
prenatal hormon gender
testosterone and MIS in males, but not females before birth
65
prenatal and neonatal brain differentiation
testosterone present for masculinization, absent for feminization
66
disintersex condition
partly male, partly female or incompletely male or female
67
DSD
disorder of sex development
68
CAH: congenital adrenal hyperplasia
genetic female develops ovaries as fetus, but later adrenal glands produce excess androgens; external genitals become (partly) male in appearance
69
AIS: androgen-insensitivity syndrome
genetic condition --> body tissues are insensitive to testosterone, so prenatal development is feminized and child is born with external appearance of a female
70
hormones that cause puberty in women: process
1: hypothalamus starts releasing pulses of GnRH
2: increased secretion of FSH
3: stimulates production estrogen
4: stimulates breast, uterus and vagina growth
71
adrenal glands in women
produce androgens (low levels in females), which stimulate pubic and axillary hair and are related to female sex drive
72
andrenarche
time of increasing secretion of adrenal androgens generally begins just before age 8
73
hormones that cause puberty in men: process
1: 10-11 years: increased production LH and FSH
2: LH stimulates testosterone production, which causes bodily changes
74
75
differences menstrual and estrous cycle (which dogs and horses have)
- estrous cycles involve none/little bleeding
- estrous cycles occurs at different times
- female animals with estrous cycles are only sexually active during estrus phase
76
phases of menstrual cycle
1) follicular phase (day 5-13)
2) ovulation (day 14)
3) luteal phase (day 15-28)
4) menstruation (day 1-4)
77
how does menstrual cycle start
- high level of FSH -> follicles mature an egg and secrete estrogen -> stimulates GnRH production, which stimulates LH production -> triggers follicle to open and release egg (= ovulation) -> progesterone levels rise, which inhibits LH secretion -> decline in estrogen and progesterone levels; these low levels triggers menstruation and low estrogen triggers FSH production which starts the cycle again
78
variation of menstrual cycle
21-36 days, average of 28
in variation, luteal phase always remains 14 days: follicular phase varies in lenth
79
dysmenorrhea
painful menstruation, caused by high levels of prostaglandins: this can choke of some oxygen supply to uterus, and sensitizes nerve endings
80
anovulatory cycle
menstruation without ovulation
81
endometriosis
when endometrium (lining of uterus) grows in a place other than uterus (ovaries, fallopian tubes, rectum, bladder, vulva, etc.)
82
amenorrhea
absence of menstruation
- primary: never menstruated
- secondary: have had at least one menstruation
83
PMS: premenstrual syndrome
physical and psychological symptoms that occur premenstrually
84
premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)
feeling sad of hopeless, tense, irritable and changes in appetite (diagnoses of DSM for PMS)
85
cycles in men
testosterone peaks in weekends
- men with female partner who wanted child with her, displayed 28 day cycle of testosterone
86
sexual response cycle
1: excitement
2: orgasm
3: resolution
physiological processes during these stages: vasocongestion and myotonia
87
vasocongestion
when a lot of blood flows into blood vessels in genitals as a result of dilation of the blood vessles in the region
88
myotonia
when muscles contrract, not only in genitals but throughout the body
89
vasoconstriction
makes erection go away, i.e. following orgas
90
3: resolution phase
body returns to unaroused state (5-10 seconds after end of orgasm)
91
Kaplan's Triphasic model: sexual response in a triphasic model
1: sexual desire
2: vasocongestion of genitals
3: orgasm phase (reflex muscular contractions phase)
92
orgasmic platform
forms in women when she gets close to orgasm: tightening of bulbospongiosus muscle around entrance of vagina
93
refractory period
after male orgasm, period in which men cannot be sexually aroused (minutes - day)
94
Dual Control Model of sexual response
sexual response is controlled by both sexual inhibition and sexual excitation
- high inhibition, low excitation -> sexual disorders
- high excitation, low inhibition -> high-risk sexual behaviors
95
retrograde ejaculation
ejaculate empties into bladder instead of leaving penis
96
3 reasons for sexual inhibition
1: dangerous to have sex in life-threatening situations
2: environment not optimal, better to wait for better timing
3: too many ejaculations can reduce men's fertility
97
brain control of sexual response: 3 phases
1: anticipatory phase (interest, desire, beginnings of arousal)
- limbic system
2: consummatory phase (sexual activity and orgasm)
- motor cortex, somatosensory system
3: post-orgasmic period (resoluion phase, includes refractory period in males)
98
triangular theory of love: love has 3 fundamental components
1: intimacy
2: passion
3: decision/commitment
99
pheromones
biochemicals secreted outside of body, sensed through smell
100
homophily
tendency to have contact with people equal in social status
101
attachment theory of love: adults are characterized in their romantic relationships by one of three styles
1: secure lovers (easy to get close to others)
2: avoidant lovers
3: anxious-ambivalent lovers (desperately trying to get close, not being reciprocated)
102
love styles (john alan lee)
1: eros (attraction to physical appearance)
2: ludus (playful love)
3: storge (peaceful love)
1) mania: eros & ludos
2) pragma: practical love
3: agape: altruistic, undemaning, kind love (storge & eros)
103
Love Brain Network has 4 components
1: autonomic system
2: motivation/reward system
3: emotion system
4: cognitive system
104
