sex offending Flashcards
Rape
“Penetration of the vagina or anus with any body part or object, or oral penetration by a sex organ, without the consent of the victim”
Acquaintance/date rape accounts for 80% of all rapes and is when the victim knows the rapist
Paraphilia
May or may not manifest as sex offending
“Persistent and recurrent sexual interests, urges, fantasies, or behaviors of marked intensity involving objects, activities, or situations that are atypical in nature”
Pedophilia
Paraphilic disorder/clinical condition that may or may not be accompanied by action
Sexual attraction to children who have not begun puberty, under 13 yrs
Hebephilia is sexual attraction to a pubescent adolescent (over age of 12 but under 16) and is not a disorder
Clinical condition in DSM
Child molester
Sexual contact w/ a minor child
Distinct from pedophilia as there is always action
Might not be a pedophile
And offend out of opportunity not attraction
Victims of SA in canada (stats)
<5% of the 500,000-600,000 SA’s in canada are reported to police
Majority of perps are male and majority of victims are female
25% of SA victims are under the age of 13
¼ girls and ⅛ boys have been SA’ed by 18 yrs
98% are male perps
87% victims are female
20% victims are younger than 12
Impact on victims
Most SA’s are not reported
Victimized twice: once by the perp and once by CJS
Self-blame, psychological distress, PTSD
Depression, substance abuse, anxieties, interpersonal problems, sexual maladjustment, suicide (13%)
Increased risk of re-victimization
Concern w/ justice system
Attitudes and myths that support sexual assault
Belief that men should be dominant, controlling and powerful, whereas women should be submissive, permissive, and compliant
Rape myths are false beliefs that justify male sexual aggression against women (she deserved it, women should be dominated or coerced)
Cog-perceptual biases that lead to misconceptions about women’s verbal and nonverbal communication (perceives more sexual behav in women that is considered as normal)
Influence of pornography
Level of arousal elicited by porn
Anything that increases arousal of an alr aroused subject will increase aggression in situations where aggression is dominant
Level of aggressive content
Sexual and nonsexual aggression against women can increase aggressive behav of men against women, even in those who are not angry
Rxn of victims
Depictions of female victims enjoying rape encourage acceptance of rape myths and promote violence against women
Fetishism
Using inanimate objs for sexual pleasure
Exhibitionism
Exposure of genitalia to unsuspecting victims
Voyeurism
Viewing of an unsuspecting person disrobing or engaging in sexual activity
Frotteurism
Touching or rubbing an unconsenting person
Sexual masochism
Sexual arousal from being the recipient of pain or humiliation
Sexual sadism
Sexual arousal from inflicting pain or suffering on another person
Confluence model of sexual aggression
2 pathways
Hostile masculinity and impersonal sexual constellation
HM:
-attitudes accepting violence against women
-narcissism, hostility to women, sexual dominance
-low empathy/nurturance
-sexual aggression
IC
-abusive home environment
-early delinquent behav
-impersonal sexuality
-sexual aggression
MTC: R3 (9)
primary motivation separated in 9 types
*opportunistic: impulsive, predatory acts
-type 1: high social competence
-type 2: low social competence
*pervasively angry
-type 3
*sexual
–> sadistic:
type 4 (overt)
type 5 (high social competence/ muted
–> non-sadistic:
type 6: high social competence
type 7: low social competence
*vindictive: anger directed at women
-type 8: low social competence
-type 9: moderate social competence
MTC: R4
Callous unemotionality
-Pathological lying, grandiosity, low empathy, manipulation
-Akin to psychopathy
antisociality/impulsivity
-Poor behav control, general criminal behavs
-Akin to psychopathy
hypersexuality/sexualization
-Sexual preoccupation, compulsivity, coercion
-Childhood sexual abuse
Risk factors for recidivism
Sexual deviancy
Assessed using penile plethysmography (PPG) (erection+blood flow)
Rape not predictive of recidivism unless accompanied by sadism, violence, and absence of emotionally intimate relationships
Antisocial lifestyle
Traits associated w/ ASPD or psychopathy
Sexual and non-sexual recidivism
Treatment of sex offenders
Risk
Risk assessment using a variety of measures that examine static risks
Needs
Encompasses dynamic risk factors
Responsivity
Cognitive-behavioural and cog social learning strats
Access to child victims
Majority of child victims are known to the offender
Male CSO’s primarily offend against female children
Female CSO’s offend against both sexes equally
Female CSO’s likely to have a male co-offender
Background of child sex offenders
Childhood sexual abuse and exposure to cycle of violence common in background of CSO’s, especially if they commit violent abuse
Neurocognitive dysfunction causing problems w/ judgement and sexual impulse control
Low cognitive skills may result in rejection from age-appropriate relationships
Low cognitive skills may limit CSO from recognizing the consequences of their actions
Female sexual abusers report more physical, emotional and sexual abuse, as well as deprivation and chaotic families
Juvenile sex offenders
Juvenile sex offenders mostly victimize children and account for half of child sex abuse cases
Submissive, sexually inadequate type
Coercive and aggressive type that also sexually offend against peers
finkelhor’s four factor model
emotional congruence w/ children (ECWC)
sexual arousal from sexual contact w/ children
blockage
disinhibition
MTC: CM3 (6)
amount of contact
-high amount of contact
–> type 1: meaning of contact: interpersonal
–> type 2: meaning of contact: narcissistic
-low amount of contact
–> low physical injury
-type3: exploitive/non-sadistic
-type4: muted/ symbolic sadistic
–>high physical injury
-type5: aggressive non-sadistic
-type 6: sadistic
Heterosexual nurturers
Victimize males when in a caretaking or educational role
Noncriminal homosexual offenders
Similar to heterosexual but prefer females
Female sexual predators
Sex offending an offshoot of other criminal activity
Young adult child exploiters
Sexual assault against young children related to offender
Homosexual criminals
Motivated by profit
Female cso
Aggressive homosexual offenders
In a domestically violent relationship
female cso
Cyber sex offending
Obtain, distribute, or produce CP
-Producers are often ppl w/ access to the child
-Half who obtain CP have not has a contact sexual offence
-80% of CP media is of prepubescent
Contact potential victims for sex offending opportunities
-Primarily seek adolescents
-Entice teenagers into offline sexual relationship
-Connect w/ teenagers for fantasy, non-contact reasons
Risk factors for recidivism (cyber sec offending)
Social isolation, paraphilias, sexual preoccupation are strong predictors for recidivism
Low risk offenders treated in their community
Moderate to high risk offenders treated in a facility
Treatment of child sex offenders
Dynamic risk factors that require change to reduce reoffending include: emotional regulation during sexual arousal; intimacy and social skill deficits; + distorted cognitive sexual scripts
CBT that follows the risk-needs-responsivity model can be effective.
