sex offending

Question 1

Rape

Answer 1

“Penetration of the vagina or anus with any body part or object, or oral penetration by a sex organ, without the consent of the victim”

Acquaintance/date rape accounts for 80% of all rapes and is when the victim knows the rapist

Question 2

Paraphilia

Answer 2

May or may not manifest as sex offending

“Persistent and recurrent sexual interests, urges, fantasies, or behaviors of marked intensity involving objects, activities, or situations that are atypical in nature”

Question 3

Pedophilia

Answer 3

Paraphilic disorder/clinical condition that may or may not be accompanied by action
Sexual attraction to children who have not begun puberty, under 13 yrs

Hebephilia is sexual attraction to a pubescent adolescent (over age of 12 but under 16) and is not a disorder
Clinical condition in DSM

Question 4

Child molester

Answer 4

Sexual contact w/ a minor child
Distinct from pedophilia as there is always action
Might not be a pedophile
And offend out of opportunity not attraction

Question 5

Victims of SA in canada (stats)

Answer 5

<5% of the 500,000-600,000 SA’s in canada are reported to police
Majority of perps are male and majority of victims are female
25% of SA victims are under the age of 13
¼ girls and ⅛ boys have been SA’ed by 18 yrs
98% are male perps
87% victims are female
20% victims are younger than 12

Question 6

Impact on victims

Answer 6

Most SA’s are not reported
Victimized twice: once by the perp and once by CJS
Self-blame, psychological distress, PTSD
Depression, substance abuse, anxieties, interpersonal problems, sexual maladjustment, suicide (13%)
Increased risk of re-victimization
Concern w/ justice system

Question 7

Attitudes and myths that support sexual assault

Answer 7

Belief that men should be dominant, controlling and powerful, whereas women should be submissive, permissive, and compliant
Rape myths are false beliefs that justify male sexual aggression against women (she deserved it, women should be dominated or coerced)
Cog-perceptual biases that lead to misconceptions about women’s verbal and nonverbal communication (perceives more sexual behav in women that is considered as normal)

Question 8

Influence of pornography

Answer 8

Level of arousal elicited by porn
Anything that increases arousal of an alr aroused subject will increase aggression in situations where aggression is dominant

Level of aggressive content
Sexual and nonsexual aggression against women can increase aggressive behav of men against women, even in those who are not angry

Rxn of victims
Depictions of female victims enjoying rape encourage acceptance of rape myths and promote violence against women

Question 9

Fetishism

Answer 9

Using inanimate objs for sexual pleasure

Question 10

Exhibitionism

Answer 10

Exposure of genitalia to unsuspecting victims

Question 11

Voyeurism

Answer 11

Viewing of an unsuspecting person disrobing or engaging in sexual activity

Question 12

Frotteurism

Answer 12

Touching or rubbing an unconsenting person

Question 13

Sexual masochism

Answer 13

Sexual arousal from being the recipient of pain or humiliation

Question 14

Sexual sadism

Answer 14

Sexual arousal from inflicting pain or suffering on another person

Question 15

Confluence model of sexual aggression

Answer 15

2 pathways
Hostile masculinity and impersonal sexual constellation

HM:
-attitudes accepting violence against women
-narcissism, hostility to women, sexual dominance
-low empathy/nurturance
-sexual aggression

IC
-abusive home environment
-early delinquent behav
-impersonal sexuality
-sexual aggression

Question 16

MTC: R3 (9)

Answer 16

primary motivation separated in 9 types

*opportunistic: impulsive, predatory acts
-type 1: high social competence
-type 2: low social competence

*pervasively angry
-type 3

*sexual
–> sadistic:
type 4 (overt)
type 5 (high social competence/ muted

–> non-sadistic:
type 6: high social competence
type 7: low social competence

*vindictive: anger directed at women
-type 8: low social competence
-type 9: moderate social competence

Question 17

MTC: R4

Answer 17

Callous unemotionality
-Pathological lying, grandiosity, low empathy, manipulation
-Akin to psychopathy

antisociality/impulsivity
-Poor behav control, general criminal behavs
-Akin to psychopathy

hypersexuality/sexualization
-Sexual preoccupation, compulsivity, coercion
-Childhood sexual abuse

Question 18

Risk factors for recidivism

Answer 18

Sexual deviancy
Assessed using penile plethysmography (PPG) (erection+blood flow)
Rape not predictive of recidivism unless accompanied by sadism, violence, and absence of emotionally intimate relationships

Antisocial lifestyle
Traits associated w/ ASPD or psychopathy
Sexual and non-sexual recidivism

Question 19

Treatment of sex offenders

Answer 19

Risk
Risk assessment using a variety of measures that examine static risks

Needs
Encompasses dynamic risk factors

Responsivity
Cognitive-behavioural and cog social learning strats

Question 20

Access to child victims

Answer 20

Majority of child victims are known to the offender
Male CSO’s primarily offend against female children
Female CSO’s offend against both sexes equally
Female CSO’s likely to have a male co-offender

Question 21

Background of child sex offenders

Answer 21

Childhood sexual abuse and exposure to cycle of violence common in background of CSO’s, especially if they commit violent abuse
Neurocognitive dysfunction causing problems w/ judgement and sexual impulse control
Low cognitive skills may result in rejection from age-appropriate relationships
Low cognitive skills may limit CSO from recognizing the consequences of their actions
Female sexual abusers report more physical, emotional and sexual abuse, as well as deprivation and chaotic families

Question 22

Juvenile sex offenders

Answer 22

Juvenile sex offenders mostly victimize children and account for half of child sex abuse cases
Submissive, sexually inadequate type
Coercive and aggressive type that also sexually offend against peers

Question 23

finkelhor’s four factor model

Answer 23

emotional congruence w/ children (ECWC)

sexual arousal from sexual contact w/ children

blockage

disinhibition

Question 24

MTC: CM3 (6)

Answer 24

amount of contact
-high amount of contact
–> type 1: meaning of contact: interpersonal
–> type 2: meaning of contact: narcissistic

-low amount of contact
–> low physical injury
-type3: exploitive/non-sadistic
-type4: muted/ symbolic sadistic

–>high physical injury
-type5: aggressive non-sadistic
-type 6: sadistic

Question 25

Heterosexual nurturers

Answer 25

Victimize males when in a caretaking or educational role

Question 26

Noncriminal homosexual offenders

Answer 26

Similar to heterosexual but prefer females

Question 27

Female sexual predators

Answer 27

Sex offending an offshoot of other criminal activity

Question 28

Young adult child exploiters

Answer 28

Sexual assault against young children related to offender

Question 29

Homosexual criminals

Answer 29

Motivated by profit
Female cso

Question 30

Aggressive homosexual offenders

Answer 30

In a domestically violent relationship
female cso

Question 31

Cyber sex offending

Answer 31

Obtain, distribute, or produce CP
-Producers are often ppl w/ access to the child
-Half who obtain CP have not has a contact sexual offence
-80% of CP media is of prepubescent

Contact potential victims for sex offending opportunities
-Primarily seek adolescents
-Entice teenagers into offline sexual relationship
-Connect w/ teenagers for fantasy, non-contact reasons

Question 32

Risk factors for recidivism (cyber sec offending)

Answer 32

Social isolation, paraphilias, sexual preoccupation are strong predictors for recidivism
Low risk offenders treated in their community
Moderate to high risk offenders treated in a facility

Question 33

Treatment of child sex offenders

Answer 33

Dynamic risk factors that require change to reduce reoffending include: emotional regulation during sexual arousal; intimacy and social skill deficits; + distorted cognitive sexual scripts
CBT that follows the risk-needs-responsivity model can be effective.