homicide Flashcards
defining homicide in canada:
Culpable, non-culpable
Non-culpable
–> Justified force
–> Self defense
Culpable
Murder
–> First degree
-Planned and deliberate
-Killing a peace officer
-During the commission of certain crimes
–> Second degree
-Manslaughter
-Infanticide
National inquiry into missing and murdered indigenous women and girls
Non-reliable reports on numbers
Incomplete RCMP reports
No info on causes
Indigenous men are not responsible for these numbers
Indigenous communities are underpointed and under-resources
Police investigators are indifferent to these missing and murdered women cases
Personality typologies for reactive aggression
Overcontrolled offender
–> Rigid behavioural inhibition system
–> Suppress emotions until they explode
Undercontrolled offender
–> Quick to temper, low frustration tolerance, uninhibited aggressive behaviour
–> Long history of violent assaultive behaviour
Excitation transfer theory
Preexisting arousal
Angered by initial event
Can’t respond to initial event
Secondary event irritation
Respond to secondary event
Increases likelihood of aggression
Anger from first event transferred to secondary event
Response to secondary event disproportionate
Displaced aggression
Initial aggravating event → inability to respond → rumination → secondary event or target → anger from initial event displaced to secondary target
Frustration-aggression hypothesis
Component of Berkowitz’s Cognitive Neoassociation Model
Frustration: aversive internal state of arousal that occurs when someone is blocked from attaining an expected goal
Frustration and modeling required for criminal behaviour
Berkowitz’s neoassociation model
Frustration + aversive events = aggression
phase 1: automatic associative process
Negative affect triggers flight or fight response
Flight response associated w/ aggression
Phase 2: deeper cognitive processing occurs
Can explain reactive violence
General aggression model
Combination of social information processing, cognitive neoassociation excitation transfer, and elements of learning theories
Violence is a product of distal and proximate factors
Person and situation factors affect arousal, affect, and cognition
Factors immediately appraised and possibly reappraised
Distal causes and processes
Biological modifiers + environmental modifiers → personality
Multiple murder
Serial murder: 2+ victims → different times → location may or may not be the same
Mass murder: 4+ victims → same time → same location
Spree murder: 3+ victims → same time → different location
Victim selection
Availability
Victim lifestyle
transient/marginalized lifestyle preferred
Vulnerability
Victim susceptibility to attack
Viewed as easy prey
Desirability
Appeal of victim to the offender
Sexual motivations common
Offending characteristics
Planned offense
Often sexually predatory
Kill strangers
Hands-on killing
Planned body disposal
Preferred geographic location
Modus operandi typology
Hunter → geographically stable
Poacher → transient
Troller → random encounters
Trapper → creates situations
Serial killer Motivation typology
Visionary serial killer
-Psychotic disorder
-Believe killing can prevent tragedies
mission -oriented serial killer
-Targets victims based on nan agenda
-Believe they are responsible for improving society
Hedonic serial killer
-Thrill and enjoyment from killing
-Lust killers sexually aroused by sadistic violence
-Creature-of-comfort commits murder for financial gain
Power-oriented serial killer
-Derive power and enjoyment from life-or-death control
Female serial killers
More likely to kill smo they are acquainted with
Husbands, suitors
Elderly, children
Patients
Active longer than males
Primarily murder for material or monetary gain
Common method of killing is poison or pills
Half has male accomplice
