developmental pathways

Question 1

life course trajectory

Answer 1

infancy –> childhood –> adolescence –> young adulthood –> adulthood –> senescence

-risk factors + potective factors at each stage
-trajectory can change over time

Question 2

cumulative risk model

Answer 2

-Predicts negative emotional and mental health outcomes in the lifespan
-Additive approach in assessing overall effects of risk of development
-The harmful influences on maladaptive development (environmental, psychological, social)
-The search for preventive measures in identifying children with risk factors
-Multiple risk factors (cumulative) is what determines the risk of antisocial behaviors and behavioral problems/mental health problems in children

Question 3

developmental cascade model

Answer 3

-Considers negative and positive outcomes in lifespan
-Interacting approach in assessing effects of risks
-Development of resilience and competence
-Well timed and targeted interventions promoting positive cascades through competence and resilience

Question 4

patterson’s coercion theory

Answer 4

-Ineffective parenting → child uses coercive behaviors → parent reinforces coercive behaviors → coercive behaviors used outside the home → coercive child rejected by non-coercive peers → coercive child associates with coercive peers

-Dynamic interaction between child and parent/peers

Question 5

patterson’s 2 developmental stages of antisocial behav

Answer 5

early onset:
-Begins in preschool years
-Inept parenting is more severe
-High level of social incompetence
-Arrest likely high as an adult
-Lower self esteem

Late onset:
-Begins in late adolescence
-Inept parenting is less severe
-Social incompetence, at a lower level
-Desist in offending as adult

Question 6

moffit’s taxonomy: Life course persistent (LCP)

Answer 6

-Antisocial behaviors → age 3
-Criminal behav → continues throughout life
-Types of criminal behaviors → assortment probably violent
-Developmental backgrounds: traced to neurological problems, temperament, adhd, learning problems
-Academic skills → usually below average
-Interpersonal and social skills → usually below average

Question 7

moffit’s taxonomy: adolescent limited

Answer 7

-Antisocial behaviour begins → later during adolescent years
-Criminal behaviour → usually stops after reaching adulthood
-Types of criminal behaviors → assortment, more likely status based
-Developmental backgrounds → usually normal and without neurological problems
-Academic skills → usually average to above average
-Interpersonal and social skills → usually average to above average
-Eventually grow out of it due to societal pressure

Question 8

steinburg’s dual systems model (risk-taking)

Answer 8

Cognitive path
-Prefrontal and parietal regions
-Logical reasoning, understanding, learning
-Peaks at age 16
-In adolescence, reasoning similar to an adult

Socioemotional path
-Limbic system and midbrain
-Processing centre for reward seeking, social information, emotional reactions
-Peaks at age 25
-In adolescence, decision making is immature

Question 9

age graded theory of social control

Answer 9

-External controls has legal sanctions
-Informal social controls (indirect)
-Prosocial attachments
-Commitment to education
-Good career
-Investment in society that increase/decrease antisocial behav

-Structural turning points
-Significant life events (marriage, birth of a child)
Introduce new social controls
-Something to lose in society and desist in crime (age graded)