intro

Question 1

dark figure of crime

Answer 1

-victimization, self-report surveys cause decline in crime because of its underreporting, under discovered criminal acts

Question 2

types of crime?

Answer 2

-Mala in se: “Evil in itself” which is generally consistent across time and place
E.g. homicide, assault, theft, rape, arson and incest
-Mala prohibita: “Prohibited evil”

Question 3

violence

Answer 3

an intentional act of threatened, attempted, or actual physical harm directed against a non-consenting person

Question 4

instrumental violence

Answer 4

achieves an identifiable goal, planned act of violence, absence of emotional arousal, victims are strangers or have distant relationship with perpetrator

Question 5

reactive violence

Answer 5

response to frustration or perceived insult, attack, is spontaneous

Question 6

Sociological

Answer 6

-society culture, social environment
-Age, sex, race and the influence of society and culture , macro theories

Question 7

psychological

Answer 7

-individual human behaviour, micro-level theories, science of the behaviour and mental processes

Question 8

Psychiatric

Answer 8

psychobiological determinant of behaviour and criminal environments

Question 9

psychological appr?

Answer 9

-cognitive, biological/neuro, developmental, trait

Question 10

cognitive

Answer 10

attitudes, beliefs and values about thoughts, and perspective of human nature and oneself

Question 11

biological/neuro

Answer 11

role of brain damage, abnormalities in antisocial and violent behaviour

Question 12

developmental

Answer 12

Changes and influences across a lifetime → Risk and protective factors, family/peer relationships

Question 13

trait

Answer 13

stable and enduring tendency for how a person behaves a certain way, declining in popularity because of how it describes criminal behaviour

Question 14

scientific theories

Answer 14

a set of interconnected statements that explain the relationship between 2 or more events.

Question 15

Interindividual differences

Answer 15

variations between 2 or more people
Intra- within one person

Question 16

research designs

Answer 16

-Individual factors or variables
-Case studies→ small sample size
-Range from close-up to big- picture examination

Question 17

limitations

Answer 17

-Are rarely scientifically verifiable
-No info about interrelationships of different variables

Question 18

Correlational Research design

Answer 18

-Allows predictions of future events
-Relationships between 2 variables
-Third confounding variable that is uncontrolled and may be responsible for changes occurring in a study variable
-Longitudinal research helps several observations of the same study participants over a period of time
-Problem: determining direction →longitudinal research

Question 19

experimental design

Answer 19

-Randomly assigned participants (exposed to the variable_ and the control group (not exposed to variable)
-Quasi experimental design is used if participants cannot be randomly designed. Pre-exposed to variable
-Participants could be pre-exposed to other variables than the study variable
-Can make causal inferences in all variables are held constant
-Challenging to hold all other variable constant
-Not really done on people because of morality and ethicality

Question 20

lab research (pros and cons)

Answer 20

-Pros: high control over variables, Immediate effects, more conductive to causal claims
-Cons: hard to generalize to the real world because the variables are controlled and there are other confounding variables in reality
-E.g get participants to play a game to make them frustrated and give an option in game to expose violent behaviour effects

Question 21

field research (pros and cons)

Answer 21

-Pros: real-world generalizability
-Cons: Hard to disentangle cause-effect because of the amount of confounding variables and hard to find overall cause.

Question 22

meta analysis

Answer 22

-Generates a statistical estimate of overall magnitude of combined results of many findings
-Values rest on having clear inclusion criteria in which studies are to be included.
-Powerful way to summarize and understand the significance of research findings. Researchers could exclude certain variables