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Endocrinology > Sex hormones > Flashcards

Sex hormones Flashcards

1
Q

Where are androgens made in female body?

A 
Ovary (25%)
Adrenal glands (25%)
Peripheral conversion of androstenedione (50%)
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2
Q

What is the primary oestrogen of pregnancy?

A

Oestriol (E3)

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3
Q

When is Oestriol (E3) mainly produced?

A

During pregnancy

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4
Q

What is the primary oestrogen of non-pregnant women?

A

Oestradiol (E2)

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5
Q

When is oestradiol (E2) produced?

A

Primary oestrogen in non pregnant females

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6
Q

When is oestrone (E1) produced?

A

Primarily in the menopause

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7
Q

What is the primary oestrogen of the menopause?

A

oestrone (E1)

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8
Q

Which oestrogen is E1?

A

Oestrone - menopause

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9
Q

Which oestrogen is E2?

A

Oestradiol - non-pregnant

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10
Q

Which oestrogen is E3?

A

oestriol - pregnant

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11
Q

Where is oestrogen produced?

A

ovarian follicles, corpus luteum, placenta, liver, adrenal glands, adipocytes, breast tissue

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12
Q

How is oestradiol excreted?

A

By kidneys as oestriol glucronide

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13
Q

Effect of oestrogen on the kidney

A

Water and sodium retention

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14
Q

Where is progesterone produced?

A

Corpus luteum, adrenal glands, placenta

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15
Q

Effect of progesterone on the kidney

A

Increases aldosterone production and therefore sodium and water retention

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16
Q

Which hormones are released by the placenta?

A

Oestrogen, progesterone, beta HCG, human placental lactogen

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17
Q

What is the rate of blood flow to uterus in non-pregnant woman?

A

45ml/min

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18
Q

What is the rate of blood flow to uterus in pregnant woman at term?

A

750ml/min - 12% of maternal cardiac output

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19
Q

Where is DHEA secreted in the fetus?

A

Adrenal glands

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20
Q

What is the function of fetal DHEA on the placenta?

A

Stimulates oestrogen release

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21
Q

At which times in life is DHEA released?

A

In the fetus until birth

From age 7 and peaks in mid-20s

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22
Q

What is purpose of Sex Hormone Binding Globulin?

A

Binds to testosterone, progesterone, oestrogen so they can be transported in the blood

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23
Q

How much of testosterone is transported in a bound state?

A

99% - 70% bound to SHBG, 29% bound to Albumin

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24
Q

What is the effect of Cushing’s Syndrome on SHBG levels?

A

SHBG levels reduce

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25
Q

What is the effect of PCOS on SHBG levels?

A

SHBG levels reduce

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26
Q

What is the effect of Pregnancy on SHBG levels?

A

SHBG levels increase

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27
Q

What is the effect of liver cirrhosis on SHBG?

A

SHBG levels increase

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28
Q

What is the effect of hypothyroidism on SHBG levels?

A

SHBG levels decrease

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29
Q

What is the effect of anabolic steroids on SHBG levels?

A

SHBG levels decrease

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30
Q

What is the effect of anorexia nervosa on SHBG levels?

A

SHBG levels increase

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31
Q

What is the effect of obesity on SHBG levels?

A

SHBG levels decrease

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32
Q

What is the effect of hyperthyroidism on SHBG levels?

A

SHBG levels increase

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33
Q

Which hormones bind to SHBG?

A

Testosterone, Oestrogen and progesterone

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34
Q

What is the effect of SHBG?

A

It limits the effect of oestrogen and testosterone by binding to them leading to less free hormone and therefore less active hormone

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35
Q

Where is SHBG produced?

A

The liver

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36
Q

During menstruation, when does the LH surge occur?

A

24-36 hours before ovulation

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37
Q

Are FSH receptors on thecal cells or granulosa cells?

A

Granulosa cells

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38
Q

How does FSH effect oestrogen synthesis?

A

Stimulates Granulosa cells to produce aromatase to turn androstenedione to oestrogen

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39
Q

Where in the ovary is progesterone secreted?

A

From the corpus luteum - large(granulosa) and small (thecal) luteal cells synthesise progesterone from cholesterol

40
Q

What does the placenta make from 16-OH DHEAS?

A

Oestriol

41
Q

What is Oestriol made from?

A

16-OH DHEAS by the placenta under the influence of fetal DHEA

42
Q

What is the precursor of fetal DHEA?

A

Pregnenolone

43
Q

How does the placenta synthesis pregnenolone and what is its function?

A

Placenta synthesises pregnenolone from cholesterol, it is the precursor for DHEA in the fetal adrenal glands. fetal DHEA stimulates the placenta to make oestriol (the major pregnancy oestrogen)

44
Q

How does LH stimulate ovulation?

A

Stimulate the theca externa via CAMp and PGF2 to contract and release the egg

45
Q

What is the definition of premature menopause?

A

At or before 40 years old

46
Q

Which hormone peaks on day 21 on the menstrual cycle?

A

Progesterone

47
Q

When do progesterone levels peak during the menstrual cycle?

A

Day 21

48
Q

Where is relaxin produced?

A

corpus luteum, placenta and the decidua

49
Q

How is oestriol synthesised?

A

Fetal adrenal glands synthesis DHEA from pregnenolone and this is then converted in the fetal liver to 16-hydroxy-DHEA which is then converted by aromatase in the syncytiotrophoblast to oestriol

50
Q

How is the fetus protected from the effects of producing excess oestrogen?

A

Sulphate group attached to DHEA stops it being active in the fetal circulation, sulphate group is removed once it reaches the placenta

51
Q

What is the effect of oestrogen on the cardiovascular system?

A

Vasodilation by increasing NOS and therefore NO. Prevents atherosclerosis

52
Q

What is the effect of oestrogen on the bone?

A

Maintains bone density, decreases resorption by bone, fusion of epiphyseal plates in children

53
Q

What is the effect of oestrogen on clotting?

A

Increases factors 2,7,9,10 and plasminogen + platelet adhesiveness

54
Q

What is the effect of oestrogen on the bowel?

A

Increase gut motility

Increase bile production

55
Q

What is the effect of oestrogen on metabolism?

A

Increases HDL, decreases LDL, decreases overall cholesterol

56
Q

What is the effect of oestrogen on skin?

A

Pigmentation of nipples, areola, genitals

57
Q

What is the effect of oestrogen on the kidney?

A

Water and sodium retention

58
Q

What is the effect of oestrogen on the endometrium?

A

Proliferation

59
Q

Where is progesterone produced?

A

Syncytiotrophoblast of the placenta
Large and small luteal cells of corpus luteum
Adrenal glands

60
Q

What are progesterone levels like at term compared to non-pregnant women?

A

10 x higher at term

Pre ovulation = <2ng/ml, post ovulation >5ng/ml, at term 250mg/day produced by the placenta

61
Q

Where is progesterone stored in the body?

A

Adipose tissue

62
Q

Where is progesterone metabolised and what is it’s bi-product?

A

Metabolised to pregnanediol in the liver

63
Q

Where is progesterone excreted?

A

In the urine as a glucuronide

64
Q

What is the role of progesterone on female pelvic organs?

A

Converts proliferative endometrium to secretory endometrium, thickens the cervical mucus, inhibits uterine contraction until term

65
Q

What effect does progesterone have on appetite and body temperature?

A 
Increases core body temp
Increases appetite (catabolic)
66
Q

What effect does progesterone have on respiration?

A

Increase minute ventilation

67
Q

What effect does progesterone have on the kidney?

A

Increases aldosterone production and therefore sodium and water retention

68
Q

Which hormone does inhibin act on?

A

Inhibits FSH…… NOT LH

69
Q

Which hormone does activin act on?

A

Stimulates FSH…. NOT LH

70
Q

Which inhibin is screened for in Down’s syndrome screening?

A

Inhibin A

71
Q

Where is inhibin produced?

A

Granulosa cells, pituitary gland and placenta

72
Q

Where is activin produced

A

Granulosa cells and pituitary gland

73
Q

What type of hormones are inhibin and activin?

A

Peptide hormones of the transforming growth factor beta family (TGF-B family)

74
Q

What is the role of relaxin?

A

Inhibits myometrial contractility, plays a role in cervical dilation, relaxes pelvic ligaments in pregnancy

75
Q

Where is the gene for sex hormone binding globulin located?

A

Chromosome 17

76
Q

Where are FSH receptors located in the ovary?

A

Only on Granulosa cells

77
Q

BHCG has two subunits, which subunits are similar to other hormones?

A

Alpha - similar to LH, FSH, TSH

Beta - unique

78
Q

Where is the gene for the alpha subunit of LH located?

A

Chromosome 6

79
Q

What is the function of LH?

A

Triggers ovulation, stimulates progesterone and oestrogen synthesis in the developing follicle, stimulates resumption of the meiotic cycle in the oocyte, maintains progesterone production in the corpus luteum and maintains corpus luteum function

80
Q

Where are LH receptors located in the ovary?

A

On both thecal and granulosa cells

81
Q

When is the peak of betaHCG production?

A

8 weeks post ovulation

82
Q

Directly before menstruation what happens to basal body temp?

A

It falls

83
Q

Directly before menstruation what happens to progesterone and oestrogen levels?

A

They fall

84
Q

Directly before menstruation, what is the appearance of the endometrium?

A

Thickened and rich in glycogen

85
Q

What is the molecular weight of Beta HCG/

A

13000 Daltons

86
Q

What is the effect of Beta HCG on the testes?

A

Stimulates the interstitial cells like LH to produce testosterone

87
Q

What kind of hormone is Beta HCG?

A

A petide (glycoprotein)

88
Q

Where is DHEAS produced in pre-menopausal women?

A

Almost exclusively in the adrenal glands

89
Q

Where and what proportion of androgens are produced at different sites in pre-menopausal women?

A

25% in ovaries
25% in adrenal glands
50-70% in the peripheral tissues by conversion of andestenidione to testosterone

90
Q

Which cells become large luteal cells?

A

Granulosa cells

91
Q

Which cells become small luteal cells?

A

Thecal cells

92
Q

Which luteal cells are more active in terms of steroidogenesis?

A

Large luteal cells

93
Q

Which luteal cells release inhibin?

A

Large luteal cells

94
Q

Which luteal cells release relaxin?

A

Large luteal cells

95
Q

What is the alternative name for the follicular phase?

A

Proliferative phase

96
Q

What is the average menstrual blood loss?

A

40-80ml

97
Q

Which phase of the menstrual cycle are prostaglandins raised?

A

Late secretory phase/menstruation (leading to dysmenorrhea)

Endocrinology (16 decks)

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