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Endocrinology > Prolactin > Flashcards

Prolactin Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of hormone is prolactin?

A

A long chain polypeptide hormone

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2
Q

Where is prolactin produced?

A

Anterior pituitary gland by the lactotrophs

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3
Q

Which cells produce prolactin?

A

Lactotrophs

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4
Q

Which hormones is prolactin similar to?

A

Growth hormone
Human placental lactogen
(These are all long chain polypeptides)

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5
Q

Which hormone stimulates lactotroph growth?

A

Oestrogen

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6
Q

How does the hypothalamus influence prolactin secretion?

A

It is predominately inhibitory

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7
Q

What is the main neurohormone to inhibit prolactin?

A

Dopamine

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8
Q

Which hormones inhibit prolactin?

A

Dopamine and somatostatin

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9
Q

What factors increase prolactin secretion?

A 
Thyroid releasing hormone
Oestrogen
Pregnancy
Lactation (suckling)
Opioids
Dopamine d2 antagonists
Sleep stress hypoglycaemia, exercise
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10
Q

On which xsome is prolactin located?

A

Xsome 6

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11
Q

Primary functions of prolactin

A

Breast development

Lactogenesis

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12
Q

Which hormones does prolactin inhibit?

A

Testosterone and oestrogen

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13
Q

Which pathologies lead to an increase in prolactin?

A

Pituitary tumour, hypothyroidism, chronic renal and liver failiure

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14
Q

Which drugs inhibit prolactin secretion?

A

Dopamine agonists

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15
Q

What kind of drug is aripiprazole and how does it affect prolactin production?

A

Dopamine agonist used in Parkinson’s disease, it inhibits prolactin secretion

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16
Q

What is verapamil?

A

A calcium channel blocker used to control blood pressure

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17
Q

What does verapamil do to prolactin production?

A

It increases it

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18
Q

Which hormone causes milk ejection reflex?

A

Oxytocin

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19
Q

When do prolactin levels reach their peak in breastfeeding?

A

30 mins after onset of suckling

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20
Q

At which point of the day are prolactin levels at their highest?

A

Evening and sleeping

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21
Q

How many amino acids make up prolactin?

A

198

22
Q

How might an epileptic seizure effect prolactin levels?

A

They rise

23
Q

What is the molecular weight of prolactin?

A

24000 daltons

24
Q

What is the effect of metoclopramide on prolactin secretion?

A

It stimulates prolactin secretion (dopamine antagonist)

25
Q

What is the effect of haloperidol on prolactin secretion?

A

Stimulates (dopamine antagonist)

26
Q

What is the effect of chlorpromazine on prolactin?

A

Stimulates

27
Q

What is the effect of diazepam on prolactin?

A

Stimulates

28
Q

What is the effect of domperidone on prolactin production?

A

Stimulates

29
Q

Where is prolactin produced?

A

Anterior pituitary gland

30
Q

Which hypothalamic nuclei influence prolactin release?

A

The arcuate nucleus inhibits prolactin by releasing dopamine

The paraventricular nucleus stimulates prolactin by releasing thryrotropin releasing hormone

31
Q

How does the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus influence prolactin release?

A

It releases thyrotropin releasing hormone which stimulates prolactin release from the lactotropes of the anterior pituitary gland

32
Q

Impact of oestrogen on prolactin release

A

Inhibits arcuate nucleus release of dopamine and directly stimulates the lactotropes to release prolactin

33
Q

Which cells in the breast does prolactin act on?

A

alveolar cells in the lobules - to stimulate formation of milk proteins and stimulation of channels for ions and electrolytes, IgA, cholesterol, vitamins etc.

34
Q

Which type of immunoglobulin is found in breast milk?

A

IgA

35
Q

Stimulants of prolactin production

A

Oestrogen
Breast feeding/suckling
Pregnancy
TRH

36
Q

What is the impact of oestrogen on prolactin in pregnancy

A

Stimulates prolactin production but inhibits its effect on the aveolar cells, when oestrogen levels drop after pregnancy, the prolactin can act on the aveolar cells of the breast lobules to produce milk

37
Q

What impact does bromcriptine have on prolactin production?

A

Inhibitory

38
Q

What impact does carbergoline have on prolactin production?

A

Inhibitory

39
Q

What impact does metoclopramide have on prolactin production?

A

Stimulatory

40
Q

What impact does domperidone have on prolactin production?

A

Stimulatory

41
Q

What kind of drug is bromocriptine?

A

A dopamine agonist

42
Q

What is bromocriptine used for?

A

Treatment of acromegaly, hyperprolactinaemia, Parkinson’s disease

43
Q

What kind of drug is carbergoline?

A

Dopamine receptor agonist

44
Q

What is carbergoline used for?

A

Parkinson’s disease, lactate suppression, hyperprolactinaemia

45
Q

What kind of drug is metoclopramide?

A

Dopamine D2 receptor antagonist

46
Q

What kind of drug is domperidone?

A

Dopamine D2 receptor antagonist

47
Q

What part of the breast does prolactin develop?

A

The alveolar tissue

48
Q

What is the effect of prolactin on oestrogen and testosterone?

A

Inhibitory

49
Q

Which hormone stimulates prolactin production by the anterior pituitary gland?

A

Thyroid releasing hormone

50
Q

What is the effect of hypothyroidism on prolactin levels?

A

Hypothyroidism causes an increase in TRH and therefore an increase in prolactin leading to hyperprolactinaemia

Endocrinology (16 decks)

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