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Endocrinology > Hypothalamus and pituitary gland > Flashcards

Hypothalamus and pituitary gland Flashcards

1
Q

An alternative name for the posterior pituitary gland

A

Neurohypophysis

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2
Q

An alternative name for the anterior pituitary gland

A

Adenohypophysis

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3
Q

What is the adenohypophysis?

A

Anterior pituitary gland

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4
Q

What is the neurohypophysis?

A

Posterior pituitary gland

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5
Q

What tissue is the pituitary gland composed of?

A 
posterior = neural tissue
Anterior = glandular cuboidal tissue
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6
Q

What is the embryological origin of the anterior pituitary gland?

A

Derived from an evagination of the oropharynx of the primitive gut called Rathke pouch

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7
Q

What is the embryological origin of craniopharyngiomas?

A

tumours that form from cells left behind from Rathke pouch which should form the anterior pituitary gland

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8
Q

What is the Rathke pouch?

A

Emrybological origin of the anterior pituitary gland

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9
Q

What is another name for the pituitary gland?

A

The hypophysis

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10
Q

Which hormones are secreted by the posterior pituitary gland?

A

ADH and oxytocin

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11
Q

Which hypothalamic nucleus is responsible for ADH production?

A

Supra-optic nucleus

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12
Q

Where is ADH released?

A

Posterior pituitary gland

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13
Q

What is another name for ADH?

A

Vasopressin

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14
Q

What is vasopressin?

A

Another name for ADH

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15
Q

Which physiological changes induce ADH release?

A

Low blood pressure and high plasma osmolality - detected at the supra-optic nucleus

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16
Q

Which physiological changes inhibit ADH release?

A

Alcohol
High blood pressure
Low plasma osmolality

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17
Q

Which hypothalamic nucleus is responsible for oxytocin release?

A

Paraventricular nucleus

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18
Q

Which hormone is released by stimulation of the paraventricular nucleus?

A

Oxytocin in the posterior pituitary gland

Also corticotrophin releasing hormone and thyrotropin releasing hormone, to the hypophyseal portal system

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19
Q

Which hypothalamic nuclei serve the posterior pituitary gland?

A

The paraventricular (vasopressin) and the supra-optic nuclei (ADH)

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20
Q

What the communication between the hypothalamus and posterior pituitary gland called?

A

Hypothalamic hypophyseal tract (neural axons)

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21
Q

What is the communication between the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland called?

A

Hypothalamic hypophyseal portal system (vascular)

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22
Q

What does CRH stand for?

A

Corticotropin releasing hormone

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23
Q

Which cells does CRH stimulate?

A

Corticotropes in the anterior pituitary gland

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24
Q

Was does ACTH stand for?

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

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25
What is the difference between CRH and ACTH?
CRH released by the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalmus into the portal system to stimulare ACTH release from the anterior pituitary gland
26
What dose TRH stand for?
Thyrotropin releasing hormone
27
Which hormone stimulates thyrotropes?
TRH
28
Which cells release TSH?
Thyrotropes in the anterior pituitary gland
29
Which hormones are released by the arcuate nucleus?
GHRH + prolactin inhibiting hormone
30
Where is GHRH released from?
arcuate nucleus to hypophysial portal system to anterior pituitary gland
31
Which cells do GHRH stimulate?
Somatotropes
32
Which hormone do somatotropes release?
GH
33
What does PIH stand for?
Prolactin inhibiting hormone
34
Which hormone does the hypothalamus have an inhibitory effect on?
Prolactin
35
What is another name for PIH?
Dopamine
36
How does the hypothalamus inhibit prolactin?
Releasing dopamine (AKA PIH) from the arcuate nucleus to the hypophyseal portal system to inhibit the lactotroph releasing prolactin from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
37
What is released by the pre-optic nucleus of the hypothalamus?
GnRH
38
What does GnRH stand for?
Gonadotrophin releasing hormone
39
Where is GnRH released?
Pre-optic nucleus of the hypothalamus
40
Which hormone stimulates FSH and LH release?
GnRH
41
Where are FSH and LH released?
From the gonadotrophic cells of the anterior pituitary
42
Which hypothalamic nucleus is responsible for FSH and LH release?
Pre-optic nucleus via release of GnRH
43
What does the pre-optic nucleus release?
GnRH
44
What happens if the frequency of GnRH release increases?
LH is released from the anterior pituitary gland
45
Which hormone specifically inhibits GH release?
Somatostatin
46
What does somatostatin do?
Inhibits GH release, prolactin, TSH, insulin and glucagon
47
Where is stomatostatin released from?
The arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus
48
How does fever affect the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus?
Increases the release of CRH
49
How does hypoglycaemia affect the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus?
Increases the release of CRH
50
How does hypothermia affect the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus?
Increases the release of TRH
51
How does pregnancy affect the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus?
Increases the release of TRH
52
What physiological states promotes GHRH release from the hypothalamus?
Low glucose in blood High amino acids in blood Low fatty acids in blood
53
Average size and weight of the hypophysis
Pituitary gland weighs 0.6g and is 10-15mm in each dimension
54
What does the hypophysis rest on?
The sella turcica in the sphenoid bone
55
What is the difference between the pas tuberalis and pars distalis
Pars distalis - main bulk of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland Pars tuberalis is the extending stalk of the anterior pituitary gland that attaches to the infundibulum of the posterior lobe
56
Where does the hypothalamus receive its blood from?
Circle of willis
57
Where does the neurohypophysis receive its blood from?
inferior hypophyseal arteries
58
Where does the adenohypophysis receive its blood from?
Superior hypophyseal arteries
59
Which veins drain the neurohypophysis?
The neurohypophysis drains into the dural sinus
60
Where does the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland drain to blood to?
cavernous sinuses to superior and inferior petrosal sinuses to jugular vein
61
Describe the structure of the hypophyseal portal system
superior hypophyseal arteries form a primary capillary network which drains to the long portal vein to form a second capillary network in the anterior lobe of the pituitary and then drains to the cavernous sinus
62
Where doe the hypophysial arteries arise from?
The internal carotid artery
63
What do the inferior and superior hypophysial arteries supply?
Inferior hypophysial artery supplies the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland Superior hypophysial artery supplies the portal system to the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
64
What is the embryological origin of the neurohypophysis?
Develops from neural crest cells on the floor of the third ventricle
65
When is the hypothalamo-pituitary axis established in utero?
By 20 weeks gestation
66
What does somatostatin inhibit?
Growth hormone, prolactin, TSH, insulin, glucagon
67
What do magnocellular neurones in the hypothalamus produce?
oxytocin and ADH
68
What do parvocellular neurones in the hypothalamus produce?
CRH TRH
69
Where is dopamine released?
Arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, medulla of the adrenal glands, substantia nigra
70
How does GnRH release change throughout the menstrual cycle?
Pulsatile frequency increases in follicular phase and decreases in luteal phase
71
Where is the gene for GnRH located?
Chromosome 8
72
Where is somastatin released from?
Periventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, delta islet cells of the pancreas and the pylorus of the stomach

Endocrinology (16 decks)

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