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Developmental Psychology > Sex, Gender and Sexuality > Flashcards

Sex, Gender and Sexuality Flashcards

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1
Q

3 traditional assumptions about sex and gender

A
  1. there are only 2 sexes
  2. sex is a biological fact independently of anyone’s beliefs about it
  3. sex and gender are understood to naturally go together (sex differences=gender differences)
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2
Q

process of sexual differentiation

A
  • embryo inherits x chromosome from mum and either x or y chromosome from father
  • genes on chromosome initiates the process of sexual differentiation
  • process is influenced by genetic and hormonal factors
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3
Q

process of sexual differentiation assumption

A

genetic, hormonal and anatomical aspects of sex are congruent and form the basis for the development of a core gender identity

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4
Q

Intersex

A

a term referring to a variety of conditions (genetic, physiological or anatomical) in which a person’s sexual and/or reproductive features and organs do not conform to dominant and typical definitions of ‘female’ or ‘male’

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5
Q

transgender

A

a person who identifies with a gender identity that differs from what corresponds with their sex at birth

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6
Q

transgender/intersex- what does it all mean?

A
  1. Gender identity does not automatically follow from sex category …
  2. Gender differences do not automatically follow from sex difference …
  3. Gender is socially constructed
  4. We should consider the interrelationships between sex, gender & sexuality
  5. Gender/sex boundaries and categories are heavily policed through transphobia and discrimination
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7
Q

psychological differences between male and female

A
  • verbal abilities (small to no difference)
  • visual/spatial ability (emerge in adolescence)
  • mathematical reasoning (historical advantage but changing)
  • aggression (different types of aggression)
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8
Q

Eagly’s Social Role hypothesis:

A
  1. Roles that men and women play in society reinforce stereotypes
  2. Men have powerful jobs –> we think men are powerful
  3. Women have nurturant jobs –> we think women are nurturers
  4. If men & women switch –> we can reverse these ways of thinking …. CAN WE?
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9
Q

gender roles

A
  • patterns of behaviour that female and males adopt in society, different tasks and responsibilities of men and women
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10
Q

gender-role norms

A
  • society’s expectations or standards about what men and women should be like
  • gendered expectations about behaviour becomes normative in society…so that women are expected to be a certain way and men a certain way
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11
Q

gender roles are reinforced in infants through

A
  • differential treatment (pink and blue)
  • early learning - 12 months distinguish between sexes
  • 18 m understand own gender
  • 2.5-3 yrs, basic gender identity
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12
Q

gender roles are reinforced in the child through

A
  1. acquisition of gender stereotypes
    - sex-typed toys, understanding gendered activities/behaviour, stereotyped occupations from 4-6 yrs
  2. gender typed behaviour
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13
Q

gender roles are reinforced in early adolescence

A
  • gender role intensification
  • peer influences, hormones, parental reinforcement
  • attraction to the opposite sex
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14
Q

gender roles are reinforced in early adulthood

A
  • parental imperative heightens traditional gender roles

- raising a family (male and female adopt different roles)

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15
Q

gender roles are reinforced in middle adulthood

A
  • androgyny shift
  • freedom from parental imperative
  • role shift may occur towards less traditional roles
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16
Q

biosocial theory

A
  • gender role preferences determined by a series of critical events:
    1. prenatal: exposure to hormones which shapes genitals and behavioural tendencies
    2. postnatal: exposure to society - parents and others label and react towards a child on the basis of his/her genitals
17
Q

Social learning theory

A

gender roles learned through:

  1. differential reinforcement (boys rewarded for masculine behaviour, there is a ‘gender curriculum’ in the home)
  2. observational learning (modelling)
18
Q

critique of the social learning theory

A
  • child is seen as passive recipient of agents of socialisation
  • child’s own role in gender development is ignored
19
Q

Media images create a culture in which perpetuates …

A
  • Low self-esteem
  • Body image issues
  • Eating disorders
  • Compulsive exercise
  • Cosmetic Surgery risks
  • Dehumanisation and objectification of women and girls
  • Blame for sexual assaults etc.
20
Q

Women don’t see themselves reflected in popular culture. We need to see more:

A
  • Black women and different ethnicities
  • Women of different sizes, shapes and ages
  • Women with disabilities
  • Active, strong women and girls
  • Smart, successful, in control women
  • Anyone who does not fit the ‘ideal’ description of what a girl/woman should be
  • Men in non-traditional roles
21
Q

Cognitive Developmental Theory (cognitive theories)

A
  1. stage like changes in cognitive development:
    - gender identity (2-3yrs) = label themselves
    - gender stability (4 yrs) = forever
    - gender consistency (5-7yrs)= across situations
  2. children seek out same-sec models and behave in gender consistent ways (self-socialise)
22
Q

Gender Schema Theory (cognitive theories)

A
  • children acquire sex/gender schemata through which they perceive the world and interpret own and others’ behaviour
  • classification of toy,behaviours, roles and activities
  • classify themselves- actively seek objects and activities consistent with their own schemata, ignore infor that does not fit in with their schemata
23
Q

critique of cognitive theories

A
  • gender development is not only in the cognitions of the child-what about interactions with others?
  • minimises the role of societal constructs of gender
  • doesnt account for gender diversity
24
Q

Interactionist Theories:Doing Gender

A
  • gender is not an identity
  • it is something we ‘do’ all the time (performative)
  • it is created through social interactions throughout our lives (not just from past learning)
25
Q

Social Structural/Organisational Theories: Critique of Psychological Theories of Gender

A
  • We interact with social institutions which aren’t gender neutral
  • It’s not about people being gendered – it’s about how institutions are gendered
26
Q

Social Structural/Organisational Theories: explains…

A
  • How we account for the strength and persistence of the production of gender
  • Gender inequalities maintained at the level of institutions, organisations, and social structures

Developmental Psychology (13 decks)

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