Cognition, Memory and Information Processing Flashcards
Piaget’s Sensorimotor stage
- birth to =/- 2 years
- infants use their senses and motor activity to learn about the world
- gradually understand object permanence
critique of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage
-violation of expectations research suggests that infants may know far more about properties of objects than Piaget thought
Core knowledge hypothesis
infants possess innate knowledge of certain properties of objects
contrasting view to core knowledge hypothesis
knowledge about objects is built through rapid advances in perception, attention and memory and the child’s experiences in the world.
Piaget’s Preoperational Stage
- +/- 2-7 years
- preschool children are able to use symbols (language) but thinking is often illogical
Critique of Piaget’s Preoperational Stage
-Piaget underestimated the abilities of young children by relying on verbal interviews and giving them complex tasks to perform
Piaget’s Concrete Operational Stage
- +/- 7-11 years
- children can reason logically about concrete problems
- are able to conserve
Evaluating Piaget’s Concrete Operational Stage
-Piaget’s descriptions have held up well. However, he may not have paid enough attention to the role of culture-based experience.
Piaget’s Formal Operational Stage
+/- 11 years +
-adolescents become capable of complex, scientific reasoning about abstract problems
Evaluating Piaget’s Formal Operational Stage
-Piaget has been criticised for overestimating the logical abilities of older children and adults
Structures of knowledge: schemes
mental representations about what things are and how we deal with them
- sensorimotor (action schemes)
- cognitive (concepts)
Structures of knowledge: organisation
combining schemes in a logical way
Structures of knowledge: operations
internalised sets of actions that allow children to do mentally what they had done physically
Adaption: Assimilation
trying to understand new info in terms of our existing schemes
Adaption: Accomodation
changing our existing schemes or developing new schemes in response to new info
Evaluating Piaget’s Theory: Contributions
- children and adults think differently
- children are active learners
- describes well the course and content of cognitive development across cultures
Evaluating Piaget’s Theory: constructive criticisms
- stage theory is too rigid
- underestimates young children’s ability to think logically (and overestimates logical abilities of adolescents)
- gives limited attention to social influences on cognitive development
Vgotsky’s Sociocultural Perspective: main themes
- culture
- zone of proximal development
- language
Vgotsky: Social interaction and thought
Cognitive development occurs as children interact with more skilled partners on tasks that are within their zone of proximal development.
Scaffolding (Bruner)
involves helpful, structured interaction between an adult and a child with the aim of helping the child achieve a specific goal.