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Developmental Psychology > Genes and Environment > Flashcards

Genes and Environment Flashcards

1
Q

Pre-Darwin Observations

A
  • fossil records showed that bones from older geological strata differ from recent strata
  • structural similarities across diverse kinds of creatures body structure and embryological development
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2
Q

Charles Darwin Evolution

A
  • there is genetic variation in species
  • some genes aid in adaptation more than others
  • these genes will be passed on to future generations (natural selection)
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3
Q

Genotype

A

the genetic makeup a person inherits

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4
Q

Phenotype

A

the actual characteristic or trait expressed

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5
Q

Darwin’s observations on H.M.S Beagle

A
  • different beak shape and sizes on finches in the Galapagos Islands
  • thought maybe living isolated on different islands had forced species to change and adapt to local conditions and that they share a common ancestor
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6
Q

Mutation

A

random genetic copying error (a few mutations will result in a reproductive benefit on an individual and these mutations will spread over time)

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7
Q

Adaptation

A

an evolved solution to a specific problem that leads to successful reproduction in some way

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8
Q

Fitness

A

how well-suited or matched an individual is to his/her environment
-reproductive success

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9
Q

Did humans evolve from living apes?

A

NO, humans and apes share a common ancestor that no longer exists

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10
Q

Evolutionary Psychology

A

an approach to the study of psychology that utilises modern evolutionary theory as a unifying frame

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11
Q

Zygote

A

union of sperm and ovum at conception

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12
Q

Where did humankind start?

A

Rift Valley in Africa

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13
Q

milk

A

most adults cannot digest the primary sugar in milk - lactase persistence found in northern europeans, nomads in africa and asia

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14
Q

Meiosis

A
  • process producing sperm and ova

- start with diplod cells end with haploid gametes

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15
Q

Mitosis

A

cell division process creating new cells throughout life

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16
Q

Regulator genes

A

turn on or off specific genes

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17
Q

SRY gene

A

responsible for looking male or female

  • used in the olympics as a gender verification
  • athletes with SRY gene were not permitted to participate as females (until 2000)
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18
Q

males

females

A

xy

xx

19
Q

3 major mechanisms by which genes are inherited

A
  1. single gene-pair
  2. sex-linked
  3. polygenic inheritance
    (also mutation)
20
Q

single gene-pair inheritance

A

-dominant genes: dominant trait

21
Q

sex linked inheritance

A

-single gene located on sex chromosomes
-x linked
(hemophilia, colourblindness)

22
Q

polygenic inheritance

A
  • most nb human characteristics (height, weight, temperament, intelligence)
  • multiple pairs of genes
23
Q

chromosomal abnormalities: anatomical

A
  • microcephaly

- hypopigmentation (fair eyes,skin hair)

24
Q

chromosomal abnormalities: neurological

A
  • seizures

- EEG abnoralities

25
Q

chromosomal abnormalities: motoric

A
  • hypertonicity (posturing)

- poor coordination

26
Q

chromosomal abnormalities: behavioural

A
  • hyperactivity
  • attention problems
  • lower IQ
27
Q

Turner’s syndrome

A
  • sex chromosome abnormality
  • 1/3000 females have a single x chromosome
  • short stature
  • lack ovarian development
  • webbed neck
  • arms turn out at elbow
  • low hairline in back of head
28
Q

Klinefelter syndome

A
  • sex chromosome abnomality
  • 1/200 males
  • XXY
  • sterile, feminine traits
  • underdeveloped testicles (hypogonadism)
  • taller than average
  • feminine body build
29
Q

Phenylketonuria

A
  • genetic inborn error of metabolism
  • absence of enzyme that produces amino acid phenylalanine
  • without treatment, develop mental retardation
  • treatment: phe-restricted diet
  • recessive trait
30
Q

Sickle Cell Disease

A
  • fatigue, breathlessness, arm and leg pains, foot swelling
  • (anaemia)
  • genotype: Ss
31
Q

Huntington’s Disease

A
  • hereditary, degenerative brain disorder
  • no treatment or cure
  • diminishes ability to walk, think, talk and reason
  • single dominant gene
  • symptoms at 30-45
  • each child of a person with HD, has a 50% chance of inheriting it
  • everyone who carries gene develops it
32
Q

Behavioural Genetics

A

the extent to which genetic and environmental differences among people and animals are responsible for differences in their traits

33
Q

Concordance rates

A

percent of pairs if one has the trait so does the other

34
Q

Correlation coefficients

A

used to assess where traits vary together

35
Q

Heritability estimate

A

a measure of the degree to which a variation in a particular trait among individuals in a given population is related to genetic differences among individuals.
H2 = 2(rm – rd)

36
Q

3 factors of influences

A
  1. genes
  2. shared environment influences
  3. nonshared environmental influences
37
Q

accounting for individual differences

A

-Correlations highest in identical twins —>
Genetic factors determine trait
-Correlations higher if twins reared together —->
Environmental factors
-Correlations are not perfect—->
Nonshared experiences
Identical twins more alike with age

38
Q

Passive gene/environment correlations

A

parents create social home

39
Q

Evocative gene/environment correlations

A

smiley baby gets more stimulation

40
Q

Active gene/environment correlations

A

child seeks parties, friends, groups

41
Q

Controversies Surrounding Genetic Research

A
  • Identification of carriers of diseases and disorders
  • Giving information which leads to abortion
  • Experimenting with techniques for genetic alteration
  • Better parenting if child’s genetic predispositions understood
42
Q

Bioethics – sex selection

A
  • in 1990s sex of embryos used for IVF via genetic diagnosis
  • pro: harms no one, a private decision
  • con: discriminatory effect on women
43
Q

Gene slc24a5

A

responsible for skin colour variation

Developmental Psychology (13 decks)

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