Language and Education

Question 1

What is language?

Answer 1

• a form of communication based on a system of symbols

- consists of the words used by a community and the rules for varying and combining them

Question 2

Phonology

Answer 2

rules regarding how sounds are perceived as different and which sound sequences may occur

Question 3

Phoneme

Answer 3

the smallest unit of sound in a language

Question 4

Morphology

Answer 4

-rules that govern the makeup of words

Question 5

Morpheme

Answer 5

the smallest unit of sound that conveys a specific meaning

Question 6

Syntax

Answer 6

rules that govern the way words are combined to form acceptable phrases and sentences

Question 7

Semantics

Answer 7

rules that govern the meaning of words and sentences

Question 8

Pragmatics

Answer 8

rules that govern the appropriate use of language in context

Question 9

Infancy: recognised language sounds

Answer 9

Newborns are sensitive to the sounds, rhythm and intonation of language and can recognise the language their caregivers speak.

Question 10

recognised language sounds: 6-12 months

Answer 10

change from universal linguist to language specific listener

Question 11

recognised language sounds: 8 months

Answer 11

begin to detect word boundaries

Question 12

recognised language sounds: 8-12 months

Answer 12

comprehension of words appear

Question 13

Producing language: birth

Answer 13

crying

Question 14

Producing language: 1-2 months

Answer 14

cooing

Question 15

Producing language: 6 months

Answer 15

babbling

Question 16

Producing language: 8-12 months

Answer 16

gestures

Question 17

when are first words spoken?

Answer 17

10-15 months

Question 18

Overextension

Answer 18

the tendency to apply a word too broadly

Question 19

Underextension

Answer 19

the tendency to apply a word too narrowly

Question 20

Telegraphic speech

Answer 20

18-24 months: two-word statements appear

Question 21

Producing speech: early childhood

Answer 21

• transition from telegraphic speech to complex sentences

- increased understanding of language’s rule systems

Question 22

Overregularization of morphological rules

Answer 22

shows that preschoolers understand the rules of grammar and are applying them (i putted)

Question 23

Fast mapping

Answer 23

the term used for the hypothesized mental process whereby a new concept is learned (or a new hypothesis formed) based only on a single exposure to a given unit of information.

Question 24

Producing speech: middle childhood

Answer 24

• Further advances in vocabulary and grammar

- Realise that the surface content of speech (what is said) and what is meant are not necessarily the same

Question 25

Producing speech: adolescence

Answer 25

• Increasingly sophisticated understanding of metaphor, satire, and complex literary works
• Often adopt a dialect when speaking with peers

Question 26

Producing speech: adulthood

Answer 26

• Vocabulary often continues increasing

- Some language skills may decline slightly in late adulthood

Question 27

The Learning Theory Explanation

Answer 27

Language acquisition depends on learning through imitation and operant conditioning (reinforcement).

Question 28

The Nativist Explanation

Answer 28

Chomsky: children are biologically “prewired” with a language acquisition device that enables them to detect the features and rules of language.

Question 29

The Interactionist View

Answer 29

Children are biologically prepared to learn language, but in order to do so they must actively participate in human interaction

Question 30

What is important in the environment to promote language development?

Answer 30

1. live language exposure
2. interaction
3. focused on the child’s interests

Question 31

How can caregivers enhance language development?

Answer 31

1. speak to child often
2. child-directed speech
3. expanding
4. labelling

Question 32

What is education?

Answer 32

deliberate teaching or preparation of the young for the responsibilities of life

Question 33

Schooling has little effect on concrete operations, but improves

Answer 33

• IQ

- life opportunities

Question 34

Factors influencing school achievement

Answer 34

1. School characteristics
2. Child characteristics
3. Parenting practices

Question 35

Child characteristics that influence school achievement

Answer 35

• Learning disabilities
• Malnutrition, stunting, FAS
• Beliefs about own abilities (achievement motivation):
• -Mastery orientation, or
• -Learned helplessness orientation

Question 36

Parenting practices that influence school achievement

Answer 36

Children whose parents encourage and support their academic learning without being over-controlling are likely to enjoy new challenges and feel confident that they can handle them.