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Biology of Human Sexuality > Sex & Fertilization > Flashcards

Sex & Fertilization Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

sexuality

A
  1. sex: biological determination
  2. gender: how you see yourself
  3. sexuality: your attraction
    (sliding scale)
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2
Q

Erogenous zones

A

body parts –> lead to arousal, all over the body, nerve endings, lips, necks, breast, inner thigh, etc

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3
Q

Sexual response (phases

A
  1. excitement
  2. plateau
  3. orgasm
  4. resolution
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4
Q

excitement (male)

A

penis becomes erect, urethral diameter increases, scrotum skin thickens, testis lift, muscle tension increases
heart rate increases, blood pressure increases, respiration rate increases

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5
Q

excitement (female)

A

clit swells + lengthens, vagina becomes lubricated + darkens, inner most 3rd expands, labia swell + separate, areola + breast swell

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6
Q

plateau phase (male)

A

penis is fully erect, testis fully elevated close to body, bulbourethral gland secretes pre-ejac. fluid, sex flush: chest + neck become red

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7
Q

Plateau phase (female)

A

clit retracts under the prepuce, vagina: inner 2/3 expands, outer 1/3 swells, uterus becomes elevated, breast swell, sex flush

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8
Q

Orgasm phase (male)

A

HR, BP, Rr max, loss of voluntary muscle control, penis + urethral contractions, expel sement, neural arch ‘reflex arch’, testis - close to body, sex flush deepens

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9
Q

Orgasm phase (female )

A

HR, BP, Rr max, loss of voluntary muscle control, clit +breast, no change, uterus wavelike contractions, sex flush deepens

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10
Q

Orgasm ohase cont. (female)

A

Grafenberg spot (g-spot) - highly variable in area & sensitivity, clitoral stimulation is primary method to achieve orgasm

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11
Q

female ejaculation

A

skene’s gland within urethra, ‘female prostate’, vestibular gland

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12
Q

Hypothalamic desire

A

physiology - t4 increases libido, aphrodisiacs heighten sexual desire, physical stimulation

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13
Q

Limbic desire

A

psychology - emotions, attractive partner, fantasy, erotic stimulation, love + courtship

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14
Q

hypothalamic avoidance

A

hormone disorder
drugs
depression

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15
Q

Limbic avoidance

A

unattractive partner, negative thoughts, lack of interest, negative experiences, stress + anger

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16
Q

Fertilization (steps 1 - 5)

A
  1. Sperm binds to zona pellucida
  2. acrosome reaction - enzymes released
  3. enzymes digest a path through
  4. sperm contacts egg (cortical reaction to block other sperm)
  5. cell membranes fuse together
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17
Q

fertilized egg

A

zygote (day zero of px)

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18
Q

morula

A

a solid ball of cells resulting from division of a fertilized ovum, and from which a blastula is formed

19
Q

Day 7 - 9 px

A

embryo enters uterus, hatches from z.p.,

20
Q

blastula

A

The trophoblast is the outer layer of cells which will then form placenta

21
Q

inner cell mass (ICM)

A

makes you embryo proper

22
Q

pluripotent

A

many

23
Q

omnipotent

A

all, cell has potential to become any cell

24
Q

ectopic pregnancy

A

not in uterus, 1% of px, true ectopic - ovarian & abdominal px

25
Q

not ectopic px

A

cervical px, placenta previa (leading cause of maternal death during childbirth)

26
Q

types of ectopic px

A

interstitial (2%)
isthmic (6%)
ampullary (75%)
fimbral (7%)
ovarian (2%)
abdominal (rare)

27
Q

amnion

A

innermost membrane that encloses the embryo (amniotic fluid)

28
Q

fetal tissue

A

chorion HCG

29
Q

umbilical cord

A

provides nutrients to the embryo (connected to placenta)

30
Q

placenta

A

provides nutrients to developing baby via umbilical cord

31
Q

villi

A

facilitate the passage of fluids within the placenta

32
Q

prior to day 14

A

trophoblast (ICM)

33
Q

d14

A

yolk sac (bilaminar disc)

34
Q

d18

A

trilaminar disc

35
Q

d12

A

trilaminar disc
ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

36
Q

ectoderm

A

outer layer
skin hair
central nervous system
neurons

37
Q

mesoderm

A

muscle
heart
bones
kidneys
gonads

38
Q

endoderm

A

stomach
intestines
lungs
liver

39
Q

primitive streak

A

establishes axes
left - right
up - down
heads - tails
front - back

40
Q

dizygotic twins - fraternal

A

2 eggs + 2 sperm

41
Q

monozygotic twins - identical

A

1 egg + 1 sperm (same DNA)
happens by day 12

42
Q

stage 1 labor

A

dilation of cervix (10cm)
water breaks (amniotic fluid)

43
Q

stage 2 labor

A

crowning
delivery

44
Q

stage 3 labor

A

‘afterbirth’
placenta
extra membranes (embryonic)

Biology of Human Sexuality (9 decks)

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