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Biology of Human Sexuality > Mitosis & Meiosis > Flashcards

Mitosis & Meiosis Flashcards

where cells multiply by dividing

1
Q

mitosis

A

asexual reproduction
1 cell (2n) –> 2
2 (2n)
to = two cells

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2
Q

meiosis

A

sexual reproduction
2n –> 4 cells (n)
sperm, eggs
four vowels = 4 cells
2 rounds of cell division

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3
Q

diploid

A

2n = 46
n = 23
human

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4
Q

haploid

A

1

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5
Q

human life cycle

A

man & woman
- man - meiosis , woman - meiosis
- fertilization - zygote
- zygote - mitosis
- baby (2n) - mitosis

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6
Q

cell cycle

A

Interphase (90%):
G1, S-phase, G2
M phase(10%): mitosis

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7
Q

G1

A

first part of interphase
organelles begin to double in number

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8
Q

S phase

A

2nd part of interphase
replication of DNA

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9
Q

G2

A

3rd part of interphase
synthesis of proteins, prep for cell division

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10
Q

interphase

A

centrosomes, chromatin, nuclear envelope, plasma membrane

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11
Q

prophase

A

DNA condenses like yarn, nucleus disappears

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12
Q

metaphase

A

‘middle phase’
metaphase plate forms
chromosomes are aligned
at the equator of the spindle

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13
Q

anaphase

A

separate sister chromatids, they go to the opposite sides of the cell

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14
Q

telophase

A

opposite of prophase
nuclei form and spindle disappears

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15
Q

cytokinesis

A

cell moves apart, cleavage furrow, creating two daughter cells

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16
Q

cancer

A

uncontrolled cell growth
90% of cancers are caused by epithelial cells
- avoids checkpoints in cell cycle

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17
Q

contact dependent

A

cells will continue to grow until an area is covered, then stop - cancer cells do not have contact dependency

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18
Q

tumor

A

cancer cells pile up on top of each other creating
(benign is fine)

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19
Q

anchorage dependent

A

cells will stay attached / grounded to surroundings
cancer - loss of anchorage dependency

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20
Q

metastasis/ metastatic cancer

A

movement of unanchoraged tumors

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21
Q

apotosis

A

cell suicide - won’t happen in cancer/ bad cases of cancer

22
Q

G0 cells

A

cells that will not regenerate when killed
nerve cells, cardiac, skeletal

23
Q

stage 1 cancer

A

loss of contact dependency
benign tumor at this point
take a sample to see if its self contained

24
Q

stage 2 cancer

A

cells spread and invade neighboring tissue
typically rough edged

25
Q

stage 3 cancer

A

loss of anchorage dependency, can now migrate, has it metatisized?
check lymphatic vessels

26
Q

stage 4 cancer

A

small percentage of cancer cells may survive and establish a new tumor in another part of the body
- based on other people who have had this, estimate for how long you will live

27
Q

chemotheraphy + radiation

A

kill rapidly dividing cells
nausea
hair loss

28
Q

2n 46 chromosomes
n 23 pairs

A

meiosis
two rounds of cell division
1 cell diploid (2n)
–> meiosis –> 4 cells haploid (n) –> sperm + eggs

29
Q

interphase before meiosis

A

pair of homologous chromosomes in diploid parent cell (g1) chromosomes duplicate (s phase) duplicated pair of homologous chromosomes (g2)

30
Q

centromere

A

holds the two sister chromatids together (forms a chromosome)

31
Q

meiosis I

A

homologous chromosomes separate (now they are haploid)

32
Q

meiosis II

A

sister chromatids are split (now there are four singular chromatids)

33
Q

prophase I

A

homologous pairs come together exchange segments (crossing over - chiasima)

34
Q

metaphase I

A

pairs of homologous chromosomes line up

35
Q

anaphase I

A

separate the pairs of homologous chromosomes

36
Q

telophase/cytokinesis I

A

cells divide (two haploid cells form - chromosomes are still doubled)

37
Q

prophase II

A

pairs together
tetrad (two pairs of sisters)

38
Q

metaphase II

A

align

39
Q

anaphase II

A

separate

40
Q

telophase / cytokinesis II

A

creation of four new cells, haploid daughter cells, containing single chromosomes

41
Q

human gametogenesis

A

making sex cells

42
Q

spermatogenesis

A

making sperm
1 –> 2 –> 4 (spermatids)
spermiation - remodel the spermatid to make sperm

43
Q

oogenesis

A

making an egg
excess DNA (polar body)

44
Q

fertilization

A

zygote (finish meiosis II)
- fertilized egg (diploid)

45
Q

mutations of chromosomes

A

nondisjunction - chromosomes do not split up correctly

46
Q

23 homologous pairs

A

1 - 22 autosomes
23rd pair - sex chromosomes

47
Q

down’s syndrome

A

2n +1 (trisomy)

48
Q

cridochat

A

2n - 1 (monosomy)

49
Q

Y chromosome

A

sex determining region of the chromosome

50
Q

SRY gene

A

make a male gene

51
Q

X0

A

Turner’s syndrome
- no secondary sex characteristics
- infertile
- 1 gonad, not specified, no internal reproductive system

52
Q

XXY

A

Klinelfelter’s syndrome
- poor secondary sex characteristics
infertile

Biology of Human Sexuality (9 decks)

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