Mitosis & Meiosis

Question 1

mitosis

Answer 1

asexual reproduction
1 cell (2n) –> 2
2 (2n)
to = two cells

Question 2

meiosis

Answer 2

sexual reproduction
2n –> 4 cells (n)
sperm, eggs
four vowels = 4 cells
2 rounds of cell division

Question 3

diploid

Answer 3

2n = 46
n = 23
human

Question 4

haploid

Answer 4

1

Question 5

human life cycle

Answer 5

man & woman
- man - meiosis , woman - meiosis
- fertilization - zygote
- zygote - mitosis
- baby (2n) - mitosis

Question 6

cell cycle

Answer 6

Interphase (90%):
G1, S-phase, G2
M phase(10%): mitosis

Question 7

G1

Answer 7

first part of interphase
organelles begin to double in number

Question 8

S phase

Answer 8

2nd part of interphase
replication of DNA

Question 9

G2

Answer 9

3rd part of interphase
synthesis of proteins, prep for cell division

Question 10

interphase

Answer 10

centrosomes, chromatin, nuclear envelope, plasma membrane

Question 11

prophase

Answer 11

DNA condenses like yarn, nucleus disappears

Question 12

metaphase

Answer 12

‘middle phase’
metaphase plate forms
chromosomes are aligned
at the equator of the spindle

Question 13

anaphase

Answer 13

separate sister chromatids, they go to the opposite sides of the cell

Question 14

telophase

Answer 14

opposite of prophase
nuclei form and spindle disappears

Question 15

cytokinesis

Answer 15

cell moves apart, cleavage furrow, creating two daughter cells

Question 16

cancer

Answer 16

uncontrolled cell growth
90% of cancers are caused by epithelial cells
- avoids checkpoints in cell cycle

Question 17

contact dependent

Answer 17

cells will continue to grow until an area is covered, then stop - cancer cells do not have contact dependency

Question 18

tumor

Answer 18

cancer cells pile up on top of each other creating
(benign is fine)

Question 19

anchorage dependent

Answer 19

cells will stay attached / grounded to surroundings
cancer - loss of anchorage dependency

Question 20

metastasis/ metastatic cancer

Answer 20

movement of unanchoraged tumors

Question 21

apotosis

Answer 21

cell suicide - won’t happen in cancer/ bad cases of cancer

Question 22

G0 cells

Answer 22

cells that will not regenerate when killed
nerve cells, cardiac, skeletal

Question 23

stage 1 cancer

Answer 23

loss of contact dependency
benign tumor at this point
take a sample to see if its self contained

Question 24

stage 2 cancer

Answer 24

cells spread and invade neighboring tissue
typically rough edged

Question 25

stage 3 cancer

Answer 25

loss of anchorage dependency, can now migrate, has it metatisized?
check lymphatic vessels

Question 26

stage 4 cancer

Answer 26

small percentage of cancer cells may survive and establish a new tumor in another part of the body
- based on other people who have had this, estimate for how long you will live

Question 27

chemotheraphy + radiation

Answer 27

kill rapidly dividing cells
nausea
hair loss

Question 28

2n 46 chromosomes
n 23 pairs

Answer 28

meiosis
two rounds of cell division
1 cell diploid (2n)
–> meiosis –> 4 cells haploid (n) –> sperm + eggs

Question 29

interphase before meiosis

Answer 29

pair of homologous chromosomes in diploid parent cell (g1) chromosomes duplicate (s phase) duplicated pair of homologous chromosomes (g2)

Question 30

centromere

Answer 30

holds the two sister chromatids together (forms a chromosome)

Question 31

meiosis I

Answer 31

homologous chromosomes separate (now they are haploid)

Question 32

meiosis II

Answer 32

sister chromatids are split (now there are four singular chromatids)

Question 33

prophase I

Answer 33

homologous pairs come together exchange segments (crossing over - chiasima)

Question 34

metaphase I

Answer 34

pairs of homologous chromosomes line up

Question 35

anaphase I

Answer 35

separate the pairs of homologous chromosomes

Question 36

telophase/cytokinesis I

Answer 36

cells divide (two haploid cells form - chromosomes are still doubled)

Question 37

prophase II

Answer 37

pairs together
tetrad (two pairs of sisters)

Question 38

metaphase II

Answer 38

align

Question 39

anaphase II

Answer 39

separate

Question 40

telophase / cytokinesis II

Answer 40

creation of four new cells, haploid daughter cells, containing single chromosomes

Question 41

human gametogenesis

Answer 41

making sex cells

Question 42

spermatogenesis

Answer 42

making sperm
1 –> 2 –> 4 (spermatids)
spermiation - remodel the spermatid to make sperm

Question 43

oogenesis

Answer 43

making an egg
excess DNA (polar body)

Question 44

fertilization

Answer 44

zygote (finish meiosis II)
- fertilized egg (diploid)

Question 45

mutations of chromosomes

Answer 45

nondisjunction - chromosomes do not split up correctly

Question 46

23 homologous pairs

Answer 46

1 - 22 autosomes
23rd pair - sex chromosomes

Question 47

down’s syndrome

Answer 47

2n +1 (trisomy)

Question 48

cridochat

Answer 48

2n - 1 (monosomy)

Question 49

Y chromosome

Answer 49

sex determining region of the chromosome

Question 50

SRY gene

Answer 50

make a male gene

Question 51

X0

Answer 51

Turner’s syndrome
- no secondary sex characteristics
- infertile
- 1 gonad, not specified, no internal reproductive system

Question 52

XXY

Answer 52

Klinelfelter’s syndrome
- poor secondary sex characteristics
infertile