Intro to Biology Flashcards
Biology
the study of life
Reproduction
Pass on genetic information
Sexual reproduction
transfer a mix of genetic information
Asexual reproduction
cell division
Main themes
cell theory, evolution, genetics, chemiosmosis
Attributes of Life
cell(s),DNA, adapt, respond, regulate, process energy, reproduce, grow
5 kingdoms
monera (prokaryote), protist, fungi, plants, animals
carbohydrate
short term storage, plant structure, dietary energy
lipids
long-term energy storage (fats) hormones (steroids)
proteins
enzymes, structure, contraction
nucleic acids
information storage (DNA, RNA)
dehydration reaction
building a protein (oxygen + hydrogen), forms new bonds, H20 comes out
Hydrolysis
breaking down a bond, adds H20
metabolic view
cell is alive, there is no point as to when life begins
embryological view
day 12 post conception, 12 days is the latest that twinning can occur, each individual is alive
neurological view
27th week of gestation, loss of cerebral EEG defines life, acquisition of brain activity defines life
ecological/ technical view
depends on lung development, when the fetus can live outside the womb, 24-27th week of gestation
immunological view
recognize self from non-self, your immune system can tell you from invader (occurs around birth)
integrated/physiological view
all systems are independent, occurs at birth
mitochondrial DNA
from mom
All cells
form fits function, DNA, cell membrane, ribosomes
cytoskeleton
proteins, structure
vesicles
membrane bound, used for transportation
mitochondria
battery, double membrane, power house, has its own DNA
Golgi Apparatus
shipping and receiving
cell membrane
protects from external environment, lipid-based
ribosomes
made of RNA & protein, site of protein synthesis
cystosol
‘cell juice’
smooth ER
make lipids
centrosome/centricole
cell division
nucleolus
package RNA, ribosomes are made here
nucleus
houses DNA
double membrane
nuclear envelope
chromatin
DNA + proteins
rough ER
ribosomes assemble most proteins
somatic cells
cells of the body
sex cells
gametes - haploid ‘half’
ovum
ova, egg, has all cell organs
zona pellucida
shell of the egg
spertmatosoa
sperm, built for speed, head = nucleus & mitochondria, flagellum - tail
transcription
occurs in the nucleus copying DNA to RNA (written language) gene gives the instruction –> copy of the instructions
mRNA,
translation
occurs in the cytoplasm, taking these instructions and converting them into a protein (going from one language to another)
DNA base pairs
Adenine + Thymine
Cytosine + Guanine
RNA base pairs
Adenine + Uracil (no T’s)
Cytosine + Guanine
64 combinations
specific amino acids, 20 essential amino acids
substitution (mutation)
one DNA base for another
Effects
- silent: no change
- missense: swap one for another
- nonsense: change an amino acid codon to a stop codon
insertion or deletion of DNA nucleotides (mutation)
alter the triplet grouping of codons and greatly change the amino acid sequence
Evolution
- genetic changes –> genetic drift, individual to population
- gradual changes
100 - 1000s of generations - splits = speciation
- trace lineage back to find common ancestor
- survival of fittest
