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Repro > sex determination and differentiation > Flashcards

sex determination and differentiation Flashcards

1
Q

what do green spoon worms release that makes them female

A

Bonellin

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2
Q

homogametic sex

A

two of the same chromosomes
-female in mammals
-male in birds

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3
Q

heterogametic sex

A

two different chromosomes
-male in mammals
-female in birds

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4
Q

Klinefelter syndrome

A

-xxy or xxxy chromosome
-male offspring

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5
Q

turners syndrome

A

-xo chromosomes
–female offspring

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6
Q

triple x syndrome

A

-xxx chromosomes
-female offspring

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7
Q

anupolidity definition

A

abnormal number of chromosomes

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8
Q

what causes anupolidity most often

A

non disjunction(improper cell division) during meiosis

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9
Q

role of SRY gene

A

initiation of male sex determination

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10
Q

name of male tubular system

A

mesonephric tubules/Wolffian ducts

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11
Q

name of female tubular system

A

paramesonephric tubules/Mullerian duct

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12
Q

why is mitosis during gonad formation more important for female sex cells than male

A

it decides how many gametes a female will have

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13
Q

genes associated with formation of indifferent gonads

A

-steroidogenic factor 1
-Wilms tumor gene

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14
Q

genes associated with formation of testes

A

-SRY gene
-SOX-9
-fibroblast growth factor 9(FGF-9)

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15
Q

role of SOX-9

A

formation of Sertoli cells

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16
Q

role of FGF-9

A

Sertoli cell differentiation

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17
Q

genes associated with formation of ovaries

A

-WNT-4
-R-spondin1

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18
Q

below what temperature will sea turtles be male

A

81.9 F

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19
Q

above what temperature will sea turtles be female

A

88.8 F

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20
Q

what two hormones are responsible for male tubular tract

A

-androgens(testosterone)
-anti-Mullerian(AMH)

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21
Q

purpose of testosterone in male tubular formation

A

growth of wolffian duct

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22
Q

purpose of AMH in male tubular system

A

regression of Mullerian duct

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23
Q

explain Alfred Jost’s experiment and results

A

removed the gonads from fetus’ during early gestation and observed offspring through pregnancy and into adulthood. Fetus’ with ovaries removed developed female tubular system. Fetus’ with testes removes also produced female tubular system.
-told him testes controlled growth of male tubular system

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24
Q

what does external genitalia develop from

A

the ectoderm

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25
Q

what reduces testosterone to 5a-dihydrotestosterone(5a-DHT)

A

5a-reductase

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26
Q

function of 5a-DHT

A

formation of male external genitalia

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27
Q

what hormone prevents formation of the surge center in the brain

A

estradiol

28
Q

what binds to estrogen to prevent it from bypassing the blood-brain barrier

A

alpha-fetoprotein(a-FP)

29
Q

explain process for why female have surge center but males dont

A

a-FP binds to estodiol and prevents it from entering hypothalamus and killing surge center. a-FP cant bind to testosterone, so it gets into hypothalamus. Aromatase in brain converts testosterone to estradiol which kills surge center in males.

30
Q

sexual dimorphism definition

A

male and female differences in traits belonging to both sexes

31
Q

sexual dimorphism examples

A

-feathers on birds(male are more colorful)
-hypothalamus(males is larger)

32
Q

freemartins syndrome

A

-cow underdeveloped reproductive tract

33
Q

causes of freemartins

A

-must be between twins:1 male, one female
-placentas fuse, female fetus receives more testosterone than average

34
Q

true hermaphrodite

A

-fertile
-fertilization is external
-contain both male and female tract

35
Q

pseudo hermaphrodite

A

-typically infertile
-mix of male and female tracts

36
Q

testicular feminization syndrome

A

-testosterone and AMH, but no testosterone activity
-no male or female tract
-female external genitalia

37
Q

androgenital syndrome

A

-hyperactive testosterone production with xx chromosomes
-male and female tract
-male external genitalia

38
Q

persistent Mullerian duct syndrome

A

-testosterone and AMH, but no AMH activity
-male and female tract
-male external genitalia

39
Q

penis at 12 syndrome

A

-testosterone and AMH
-poor 5a-DHT
female external genitalia at birth, male at puberty

40
Q

what layer of germ cell does external genitalia develop from

A

ectoderm

41
Q

what forms from the Mullerian duct

A

-oviducts
-uterus
-anterior vagina

42
Q

what age must male and female clouded leopards be paired at in captivity for them to bond

A

6-8 weeks old

43
Q

first clouded leopard born from frozen/thawed semen? when?

A

Niran, 2017

44
Q

puberty definition

A

when animal becomes functionally capable of reproducing

45
Q

male-defining onset of puberty

A

-behavioral traits expressed
-age of 1st ejaculation: peripubertal(not fertile, seminal plasma)
-age 1st spermatozoa appears in ejaculate
-age 1st spermatozoa appear in urine
-age when ejaculate contains threshold # of sperm(postpubertal)

46
Q

female-defining onset of puberty

A

-age at first estrus: peripubertal, no ovulation
-age at 1st ovulation; not fertile
-age of reproductive competence: post-pubertal(approx. after 3rd cycle)

47
Q

angus age of puberty

A

female: 12 months
Male: 10 months

48
Q

brahman age of puberty

A

female: 19 months
Male: 17 months

49
Q

large white age of puberty

A

Female and male: 6 months

50
Q

meishan age of puberty

A

female and male: 3 months

51
Q

what secretes leptin

A

adipocytes

52
Q

what is leptin directly correlated to

A

amount of body fat

53
Q

frisch theory

A

critical percentage of body fat and body weight are required for onset of puberty

54
Q

what percent of mature body weight are livestock considered post pubertal(approx)

A

-dairy:40-55%
-Beef:60-65%
-sheep:40-63%

55
Q

spring born ewes effect on puberty

A

-reach puberty at 5-6 months
-less synchronized(over 66 day period)

56
Q

fall born ewe effect on puberty

A

-reach puberty at 10-12 months
-more synchronized(over 17 day period)

57
Q

Vandenberg effect

A

-found in mice
-male presence leads to earlier onset of puberty
-the more females together the later the onset of puberty

58
Q

onset of puberty for pigs: large group of females

A

28 weeks

59
Q

onset of puberty for pigs: small group of females

A

32 weeks

60
Q

onset of puberty for pigs: male present(contact/no contact)

A

24 weeks

61
Q

what do primordial germ cells form

A

primary sex cords(follicles/seminiferous tubules)

62
Q

what is the SRY gene

A

sex determining region of Y chromosome, turn on SOX-9 and FGF-9

63
Q

RTS score and traits for prepubertal
-estrogen feedback
-follicle diameter

A

score:1
estrogen: negative feedback
follicles: non palpable

64
Q

RTS score and traits for peripubertal
-estrogen feedback
-follicle diameter

A

score: 2, 3
estrogen: negative feedback
follicles: 8mm(2), 8-10mm(3)

64
Q

RTS score and traits for pubertal
-estrogen feedback
-follicle diameter

A

Score: 4, 5
estrogen: positive feedback
follicle: >10mm(4), CL(5)

65
Q

where are leptin receptors

A

anterior pituitary and hypothalamus

66
Q

order of onset of puberty for cows based on environmental factors(earliest to latest)

A
  1. High growth + Bull(47 d sooner than 2)
  2. Moderate growth + Bull
  3. High growth, Female only
  4. Moderate growth, Female only

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