Module 1-Intro and Neuroanatomy Flashcards
three types of reproductive processes
Oviparous
ovoviparous
viviparous
oviviparous
female lays eggs that hatch outside the body
Ex: birds and some reptiles
Ovoviviparous
give birth to live young from eggs inside body
Ex: shark, amphibians
viviparous
give birth to live young nourished by contact between the placenta and uterus
Ex: mammals
induced ovulation
Ovulation is induced by outside stimuli
Ex: Cats, Llamas
Spontaneous ovulation
ovulation happens within a window of time on a cyclic interval
Delayed fertilization
Ovulation occurs as normal, sperm gets stored in female body until body is ready for pregnancy
Delayed (embryotic) Development
growth of embryo is delayed after fertilization occurs
Delayed implantation(embryonic diapause)
embryo develops to the blastocyst phase and free floats in uterus until ready to implant
Examples of animals with delayed implantation? why?
-Grizzly bear, hibernation
-elephant seal, birth and mating happen at the same time once a year
two types of delayed implantation and what they are
obligate: strategic reason for delay(usually follows a pattern)
Facultative: based on biological cues
Spontaneous abortion cause in mice
female is pregnant and smells unknown male and triggers abortion
how does synchronization of estrus work
Male pheromones release triggering nearby females to enter estrus
predator satiation hypothesis, examples?
highly synchronized births to satiate predators(cant catch them all)
Ex: wildebeest, cape buffallo
predator avoidance hypothesis, examples?
births evenly dispersed and hidden from predators
Ex: Impalla, waterbuck, oribi
monozygotic polyembryony
one zygote splits into four producing 4 genetically identical offspring
Ex: armadillos
menopause
egg reserve fully depleted
why are only three species documented as going through menopause
most likely all others life span is lower than the amount of eggs they have
intrafollicular fertilization
Sperm fertilizes egg in storage area, then the embryo is released
Ex: short tailed shrew
superfecundation
more than one oocyte released from same estrous cycle, fertilized by more than one male
Ex: dogs and cats
superfetation
female conceives while already pregnant(form of delayed implantation)
Ex: minks
adelphophagy
eating ones brother in womb
oophagy
fertilized embryo eats unfertilized oocytes
dendrite
small branches that receive nerve impulse from other neurons
axon
conduct nerve impulse away from cell body
synapse
space between two neurons/space between neuron and target cell
purpose of tonic center
signaling of hormones
purpose of surge center
control ovulation
T/F males only have a tonic center, while females have both
TRUE
what kind of tissue is the anterior pituitary made of
glandular tissue
Hypothalamus
-what cells does it contain?
-what does it produce?
-what hormones does it release?
-neurosecretory cells
-neurohormones
-GnRH, GHRH, TRH, CRH
what pulse type does the tonic center produce
consistent/rhythmic up and down
what type of pulse does the surge center produce
greater frequency and amplitude
how is the posterior pituitary connected to the hypothalamus
direct extension of axons of hypothalamus through infundibular stock
T/F the posterior pituitary stores and releases hormones, but it can not synthesize them
TRUE
what is the most common hormone released by the posterior pituitary
oxytocin
how is the anterior pituitary connected to the hypothalamus
indirect connection through the primary portal plexus(portal vessels carry trophic hormones to anterior pituitary)
somatotrophs
secrete somatotropin(growth hormone)
adrenotrophs
secrete ACTH(cascade for cortisol release)
Thyrotrophs
secrete thyroid stimulation hormone
lactotrophs
secrete prolactin in response to decreased dopamine
gonadotrophs
secrete gonadotropins(FSH, LH)
example of obligate delayed implantation
elephant seal
example of facultative delayed implantation
mice/rats
