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Evolutionary > sex and life histories > Flashcards

sex and life histories Flashcards

1
Q

asexual reproduction

A

new offspring produced by a single parent

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2
Q

what is isogamous sex

A

two gametes are same

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3
Q

what is anisogomous reproduction

A

eggs and sperm - gametes different sizes

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4
Q

what is a simultaneous hermaphrodite

A

have both male and female reproductive organs - They can produce both sperm and eggs at the same time

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5
Q

what is a sequential hermaphrodite

A

produces eggs (female gametes) and sperm (male gametes) at different stages in life

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6
Q

define dioecious

A

male and female reproductive organs in different organisms

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7
Q

features of human reproduction

A

sexual
anisogamous
dioecious
genetic sex determinism

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8
Q

why may sexual reproduction be unfavourable/costly

A

Asexual females will transmit genomes at twice the rate of sexual females
Sexual production requires more units of energy for females than it does for males

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9
Q

why is sexual reproduction more favourable than asexual

A

Recombination and sexual reproduction allows for more variation - more resistant to environmental pressures when not clones

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10
Q

what is the red queen effect

A

Offspring end up with different gene combinations compared to parents - this means pathogens must then adapt to these new combinations

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11
Q

features of males (generally) in nature

A

larger
more ornamented
more aggressive

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12
Q

what is sexual dimorphism

A

two sexes have variations in phenotypical aspects

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13
Q

what is Bateman’s principle

A

Male reproductive success increases with each additional partner mated to a greater extent than is true in females
Females have limited resources - only one egg at a time
Males have constant sperm production

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14
Q

why do females pay attention to male ornaments

A

Signalling quality
Bias characteristics - want offspring to inherit traits - offspring will then continue generations as more likely to reproduce

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15
Q

what is sex role reversal

A

males carry eggs
number of mates increases for females and decreases for males

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16
Q

example of reverse sex roles

A

pipefish

17
Q

what is a juvenile

A

15 years or more, growing and learning

18
Q

reproductive stage

A

25years reproducing, parenting

19
Q

post reproductive stage

A

30years or more, grandparenting

20
Q

why do we age

A

the accumulation of unrepaired damage to the body over time
Organisms do not repair themselves completely

21
Q

what is extrinsic mortality

A

the number of individuals alive declines with age

22
Q

what is the disposable soma hypothesis

A

Evolution maximises representation in the population in the distant future
Natural selection favours allocation to reproduction at the expense of perfect self-maintenance

23
Q

how is fertility related to mortality

A

Those with higher mortality rates are more likely to be fertile at earlier ages

24
Q

what is the trivers willard hypothesis

A

Male reproductive success is determined by phenotypic condition
-not a conscious process

25
Q

when is female offspring favourable

A

hostile/unfavourable environment - reproduce at equal rate

26
Q

when are male offspring desirable

A

favourable environments - lots of access to resources

27
Q

parental care type - male only

A

many fish

28
Q

female only parental care

A

most mammals

29
Q

biparental

A

birds and humans

30
Q

when does parental care increase costs

A

as offspring ages

31
Q

why is there a conflict zone for parent and offspring

A

offspring want care as long as possible

32
Q

why may males be less present as a parent

A

the problem of paternity uncertainty - females are certain when their offspring is their own - males never have same amount of certainty

33
Q

what species is parenthood particularly important for

A

humans

Evolutionary (10 decks)

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