Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Evolutionary > Principles of evolution, genetics and behavioural development > Flashcards

Principles of evolution, genetics and behavioural development Flashcards

1
Q

Why is studying evolution and genetics important

A

Have to understand how we have been shaped by evolution in order to understand how we behave now

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

who wrote the origin of species

A

Darwin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what two problems did the origin of species solve

A

the problem of history
the problem of design

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the problem of history

A

Animals are structured in ways that look like variations on a theme
Darwin realised that for animals to be related they share a common ancestor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the problem of design

A

○ Organisms everywhere seem to be well adapted for their surroundings e.g. fennec vs artic fox
-presumed this must be designed deliberately
Explained by Darwin - useful features retained and useless ones disappear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what assumptions did Darwin make

A

Variation in a population
Heredity – variation can be passed on to offspring
Competition - not all individuals reproduce to the same extent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does natural selection do

A

Leads to successive changes over generations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are homologies

A

similarities between organisms due to common ancestry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are analogies

A

similarities due to parallel selective pressures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the modern synthesis

A

Fisher and Wright combined natural selection (Darwin) with genetics (Mendel) to create our understanding of evolutionary theory (1930s)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

explain evidence for evolution in Finch’s

A
  • Drought led to changes in seeds in habitat to large and hard
  • Finches with larger beaks more likely to survive and reproduce
    Offspring receive genes for larger beak and frequency increased dramatically over 2 years
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what disproves the “gaps in the record”

A
  • Fossilisation is hit or miss and depends on conditions - fossils are a bonus
    Evidence of full lineage of whale that supports evolution
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

evidence against “too complex to have arisen by chance”

A
  • Mutation is a chance process
  • Natural selection is not
    Non-random and benefits individuals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is a phenotype

A

physical attributions
Genotype and its interaction with the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

where do we see variation

A

in continuous measures e.g. height

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what does DNA stand for

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

17
Q

explain the structure of DNA

A

two strands, with principle of base pairing. (A-T C-G)
Organised into pairs of chromosomes (diploid organism) -
23 pairs

18
Q

what are genes

A

Sequence of DNA bases - code for a specific protein

19
Q

what is an allele

A

An allele is an alternate form of a gene - codes for a different form of a protein

20
Q

what is transcription

A
  • A copy of one strand created - forms mRNA
    mRNA leaves nucleus and bind to ribosome
21
Q

what is translation

A
  • Ribosome translate the code from RNA into amino acids
    • Chain of amino acids form proteins
      U instead of T in mRNA
22
Q

how many amino acids are there

A

20

23
Q

how many bases code for an amino acid

A

3 - known as codon

24
Q

what is redundant coding

A

more than one codon codes for same amino acid

25
Q

what are stop codons

A

stop translation

26
Q

how many base pairs in the human genome

A

3.2 billion base pairs

27
Q

how much approx of DNA are introns

A

60%

28
Q

what is an intron

A

non coding sequence of DNA

29
Q

What are non coding sequences of DNA

A
  • May be parasitic
    • Transposable elements
    • Simple sequence repeats - used for genetic fingerprinting
      Regulatory functions
30
Q

what is mitosis

A
  • Part of the cell cycle in which replicated chromosomes are separated into two new nuclei.
    produces genetically identical cell
31
Q

what is meiosis

A

produces gametes
recombines two parental genomes

32
Q

how does genetic mutation occur

A

-Single-base substitutions
-Simple sequence repeat expansions and contractions
-Transposable element insertions
-Segmental changes (e.g. extra chromosomes)

33
Q

why do most mutations not have a phenotypic effect

A

Lots of redundancy in the genetic code
Lots of biological systems are also redundant

34
Q

why do most mutations that do have an effect cause damage

A

A complex system – more ways to make it worse than to make it better

35
Q

what are mendelian diseases and example

A

caused by double recessive alleles - so stay present but at low frequencies
e.g. cystic fibrosis

36
Q

what is an association study

A

Assemble large groups of individuals with and without the trait and compare the frequency of different alleles

37
Q

what is a linkage study

A

Look at who is affected and who is unaffected within a large family, and trace which sections of which chromosomes are shared

Evolutionary (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions