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Evolutionary > Principles of behavioural development > Flashcards

Principles of behavioural development Flashcards

1
Q

what are Tinbergen’s 4 questions

A

-mechanism/causation
-Ontogeny/development
-adaptive value/function
-phylogeny/ evolution

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2
Q

what does mechanism/causation refer to

A

What causes the behaviour right now

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3
Q

what does ontogeny/development

A

How does the behaviour develop in the individual

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4
Q

what is adaptive value/function

A

The function or adaptive value of the behaviour

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5
Q

what does phylogeny/evolution

A

Evolutionary history of the behaviour across species

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6
Q

define maturation

A

Changes in behaviour due to physical changes in neural and muscular systems e.g. baby crawl to walk

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7
Q

evidence of maturation in gulls (Hailman 1969)

A

Increased pecking accuracy in first two days
- Improvement even in dark-reared chicks indicates - improvement is due to maturation not learning

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8
Q

evidence of maturation in mouse

A

Fox- identified periods of time in which different behaviours developed because of maturation in physiology.

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9
Q

what happens when maturation is delayed

A

behaviour is delayed

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10
Q

define plasticity

A

the ability of the organism to alter its phenotype in response to environmental input.

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11
Q

what is plasticity dependent on

A

natural selection, and is dependent on genes.

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12
Q

what does plasticity allow

A

the same genotype to produce different environments .

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13
Q

what is a false dichotomy

A

Deep seated tendency to divide into bio/psych, nature/nurture, genes/environment

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14
Q

what are the different types of plasticity

A
  • Developmental induction
  • Imprinting (filial, sexual)
  • Learning - discrimination and generalization
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15
Q

what is developmental induction

A

Path is decided early in life dependent upon something within the environment

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16
Q

example of developmental induction

A

locusts
Best grouping behaviour depends upon local population density
Two morphs (solitary, gregarious)
Which morph develops depends on number of collisions in early life

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17
Q

what is filial imprinting

A
  • For some species it is important to be able to identify caregiver asap
    -caregivers will look different from one generation to the next
    Solution - A plastic mechanism solves this – Imprint on whatever moving object is around you in the first 36hrs of life e.g. Lorenz - goslings
18
Q

what is sexual imprinting

A

Individuals vary - not helpful to have one fixed idea of a good mate

19
Q

example of sexual imprinting in birds

A

Mannikins choose a mate with crest when parents shared the same crest but not if parent did not

20
Q

what is learning - discrimination

A

Narrowing the range of stimuli that elicit a response

20
Q

example of sexual imprinting in humans

A
  • Observers most likely to match photo of woman to father rather than husband - may suggest using father as a template for mate choice
21
Q

example of learning- discrimination

A
  • 4-6 month infants: respond to subtle phonetic (=sound) differences between syllables in unfamiliar languages and own language
  • 10–12 months: discrimination narrowed with experience: responds differently only to different sounds commonly used in own language
22
Q

define learning- generalisation

A

Broadening the range of stimuli that elicit a response

23
Q

example of generalisation in polecats

A

Polecats attack a stationary rat only after experience with a moving rat

24
Q

example of generalisation in frogs

A
  • Aposematism- coloration/markings serving as a warning
  • Areas without experience of frogs - attacked all
    -Areas with experience - willing to eat plain frogs but not patterned - generalised that all coloured or patterned frogs posed a danger
25
Q

what is genetic assimiliation

A

where learned behaviours gradually become entrenched through genetic evolution

26
Q

situations with minimal requirements for learning

A

Early, short life span, lack of flexibility required

27
Q

situations not important for learning

A

Later, long life, requires flexibility to environment

28
Q

what is a sensitive period

A

Some early experiences must occur within a time window to influence development e.g. imprinting in ducks required in few days

29
Q

sensitive period in language development

A

Sensitive period for first exposure to language, in order for it to develop normally
- Up to age of 6
After this, ability declines

30
Q

what are the causes of sensitive periods

A

synaptic pruning
brain circuity is plastic in childhood

31
Q

what is synaptic pruning

A

process of synapse elimination that occurs between early childhood and the onset of puberty in many mammals, including humans

32
Q

example of brain circuity in childhood

A

capability of removing left hemisphere and language abilities can recover

33
Q

what are the functions of sensitive periods

A

Synaptic pruning - After acquisition save metabolic cost by reducing neural tissue
- Adult brain uses 20% of the body’s energy
-Infant brain uses 60% of the body’s energy

34
Q

what are epigenetics

A

change in organism caused by modification or gene expression rather than alteration of genetic code

35
Q

what is channelling

A
  • Possible routes for development are increasingly constrained over time
36
Q

what is self regulation

A

Modifying behaviour to compensate for environmental change

37
Q

example of self regulation in rats

A

-rats show comparable weights until one group is malnourished.
-Their weight initially drops, and when they are then given access to food they increase their eating until they reach their optimum weight again

38
Q

example of self regulation in kittens

A
  • Early weaning (by removal from mother) increases later play in kittens
    Compensating for loss of social contact
39
Q

define equifinality

A

Many developmental routes to the same end (mechanisms: plasticity, self-regulation)

40
Q

Principles of development applied to birdsong

A
  • Predisposition - neural template
  • Experience - infant hearing song and adult hears themselves
  • Plasticity - only recognise sounds close to own
  • Sensitive period - song must be heard in first few months
    Equifinality - many patterns of experiencing produce the normal song

Evolutionary (10 decks)

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