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Evolutionary > Learning > Flashcards

Learning Flashcards

1
Q

define learning

A

experience that results in relatively permanent change in the state of the learner

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2
Q

why is the ability to learn related to evolution

A
  • Advantageous behaviours more likely to survive and reproduce
    -Favours individuals learning advantageous behaviours
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3
Q

why is learning beneficial to human problems

A
  • If a problem is learnt it can be unlearnt
  • Understanding how learning works allows us to tackle problems
    -Behaviour modification
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4
Q

what are the benefits of using animals to produce general laws

A
  • Control of past experience
  • Control of genotype - single strains
    Control and punishment - unethical in humans
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5
Q

what is non-associative learning

A

The result of mere exposure to a stimulus

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6
Q

what is associative learning

A

Requires the association between the exposure to a stimulus with some form of consequence

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7
Q

explain exposure and liking

A

Non-associative - repeated, unreinforced exposure to a stimulus is sufficient to enhance attitudes towards it (mere exposure effect)

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8
Q

explain imprinting

A

Non-associative - following response, to first object seen

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9
Q

explain habituation

A

Non-associative - a learning process that produces a decremental response to repeated stimuli

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10
Q

explain song-learning

A

Non-associative -neural templates for learning and exposure to adult songs

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11
Q

explain observational learning

A

non-associative - learning by watching other individuals e.g. Bandura

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12
Q

Example of habituation - Owen and Perril

A
  • Male frogs territorial but manage with low levels of aggression
    Save interaction for strangers - would be a waste of energy
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13
Q

Observational learning in primates

A
  • Macaque individual began to wash food
  • Now common practice for many of the species
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14
Q

how do we know there are other contexts of learning

A
  • Many things are remembered and later recalled or recognised
  • Without association of stimuli
    -Without obvious reinforcement
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15
Q

Difference between classical and operant conditioning

A

Classical conditioning - Event in environment = Other event in environment of consequence to individual
Operant conditioning - Action by individual = Consequence for individual

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16
Q

Unconditioned stimulus

A

Something that reliably produces a naturally occurring reaction in an organism

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17
Q

Unconditioned response

A

A reflexive reaction that is reliably elicited by an unconditioned stimulus

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18
Q

Conditioned stimulus

A

A stimulus that does not produce the response that is eventually conditioned by pairing with a US

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19
Q

Conditioned response

A

A reaction to a conditioned stimulus produced by pairing it with a US

20
Q

what is the functional view of classical conditioning

A
  • Salivation is adaptive - lubricates food and digestive enzymes
  • Digestion is faster when food preceded by CS
21
Q

classical conditioning applied to Little Albert study

A

inducing a phobia
Reactions of fear when loud noise associated with white rat, although initially not afraid

22
Q

ethical issues of the little albert study

A
  • Son of wetnurse - only paid 1 dollar for participation
  • Watson never deconditioned child
23
Q

Acquisition

A

The phase of CC when the CS & US are presented together

24
Q

Second-order conditioning

A

Conditioning where the US is a stimulus that acquired its ability to produce learning from an earlier procedure in which it was used as a CS

25
Q

Extinction

A

continued exposure to CS without the pairing - response no longer produced

26
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

when response begins to decrease - seems to have slight recovery

27
Q

Generalisation

A

An increase in responding to a stimulus because of its similarity to a CS that was paired with a US

28
Q

Discrimination

A

The capacity to distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli

29
Q

what does trial and error learning involve

A

gradual improvement

30
Q

Instrumental conditioning

A

Animal/subject/participant is instrumental in gaining reward by its own actions

31
Q

what is the law of effect

A

When a response is followed by a satisfying state of affairs, that response will increase in frequency/ be repeated
Those that produce an unpleasant state of affairs will reduce in frequency / less likely to be repeated

32
Q

what is operant behaviour

A

Behaviour that an organism produces that has some impact on the environment, which in turn changes because of that impact

33
Q

positive reinforcement

A

reward
Receives pleasant stimulus for correct response - continue to respond in same way

34
Q

negative reinforcement

A

Receives unpleasant stimulus if it fails to make specified response - does behaviour to avoid unpleasant response

35
Q

positive punishment

A

Individual receives unpleasant stimulus if it makes specified response

36
Q

negative punishment

A

A reinforcing stimulus is removed after an undesired behaviour

37
Q

when are rewards and punishments most effective

A

if they follow soon after the response

38
Q

issues with punishment

A

does not indicate what correct response should be
can elicit fear, hostility, retaliation

39
Q

what are primary and secondary reinforcers

A

primary = innate e.g. food
secondary = learnt e.g. money

40
Q

what is the overjustification effect

A

when external rewards undermine the intrinsic satisfaction of performing a behaviour

41
Q

interval reinforcement in OC

A

reinforcement based on time elapsed since reinforcement

42
Q

Ratio reinforcement in OC

A

reinforcement based on how many responses have been made

43
Q

Fixed interval

A

Reinforcement becomes AVAILABLE after a fixed time period has elapsed

44
Q

Variable interval

A

Same as FI BUT length of waiting period varies from one reinforcer to the next

45
Q

Fixed ratio

A

Reinforcement will be delivered after a specific number of responses have been made e.g. reinforce after every 4th response

46
Q

Variable ratio

A

Reinforcement delivered after a specified average number of responses

Evolutionary (10 decks)

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