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Reproductive System > Sex and Fertility > Flashcards

Sex and Fertility Flashcards

1
Q

how do sperm mature in the epididymus

A

they begin to be able to move and have the potential to fertilise

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2
Q

what is the sperm maturation in the epididymus dependant on

A

testosterone

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3
Q

what is capacitation

A

where the sperms tail starts to move in a whip like action and its acrosome is lost enabling it to enter the oocyte

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4
Q

what digestive enzyme is found in the sperms acrosome

A

hualronidase

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5
Q

where do the sperm bind on the bona pellucida

A

ZP3 receptor

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6
Q

what makes up the majority of seminal fluid

A

the seminal vesicles

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7
Q

describe the fluid produced by the seminal vesicles

A

it is alkaline, and has fructose

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8
Q

what proportion of the seminal plasma is made by the prostate gland

A

25%

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9
Q

describe the fluid produced by the prostrate gland

A

milky, contains citric acid for calcium ion chelation

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10
Q

what glands produce a very same amount of seminal fluid

A

bulbourethral glands

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11
Q

what is cervical mucus like before ovulation

A

very thin and stretchy due to high oestrogen

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12
Q

what is cervical mucus like after ovulation

A

thick and sticky

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13
Q

where does fertilisation occur

A

in the ampulla of the fallopian tubes

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14
Q

what is a cortical reaction

A

where the oocyte empties its cortical granules - this changes its membrane to stop further sperm from entering

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15
Q

where does implantation occur

A

on the superior, posterior uterine wall

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16
Q

what is placenta preavia

A

where implantation occurs over the internal os

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17
Q

what nervous system causes an erection

A

parasympathetic

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18
Q

through which nerves is an erection initiated

A

the pelvic nerves

19
Q

what does the parasympathetic NS do to cause an erection

A

causes the release of NO which increases arterial dilation, sinusoid relaxation and venous compression

20
Q

true or false: the corpus spongiosum expands in an erection

A

false - this would block the urethra

21
Q

what can cause erectil dysfunction

A

drugs, alcohol, tears in the albuginea

22
Q

what does viagra do

A

slows down the rate of cGMP degrading, os theres more NO giving more blood flow to the penis

23
Q

which nervous system controls ejaculation

A

sympathetic nervous system

24
Q

what is emission

A

contraction of smooth muscle in the vas deferens, prostrate and seminal vesicles to move semen into the prostatic urethra

25
Q

what effect may sympathetic antagonists on ejaculation

A

they can cause a dry orgasm as they prevent smooth muscle contraction

26
Q

how does the combines oestrogen and progesterone pill work

A

inhibits ovulations by preventing the LH surge, also inhibits endometrial proliferation and makes the mucus thicker

27
Q

how does the low dose progesterone pill work

A

does not inhibit ovulation

just makes the cervical mucus thicker

28
Q

how does the intrauterine system work

A

contains high dose progesterone which inhibits the LH surge as well as thickening mucus and inhibiting endometrial proliferation

29
Q

how does the intrauterine device work

A

it is made of copper which is toxic to sperm

30
Q

define sub fertility

A

the failure of conception in a couple having regular, unprotected sex

31
Q

what is primary infertility

A

where the couple have never conceived before

32
Q

what is secondary infertility

A

where the couple have conceived before but can’t now

33
Q

name some male causes of infertility

A 
endocrine such as diabetes, hyperprolactineamia 
genetic
vasculature
obstructive
STIs
drugs
34
Q

name some ovulatory causes of infertility

A

hypothalamic-pituitary failure
ovulatory failure
hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian failure

35
Q

give 2 examples of hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian failure

A

PCOS

hyperprolactinaemia

36
Q

what is PCOS

A

where women have too much androgens due to insulin resistance
this gives a lack of pulsatile GnRH
this causes abnormally high LH and oestrogen causing anolvulation

37
Q

what is anolvulation

A

where ovulation does always occur

38
Q

what does PCOS stand for

A

polycystic ovary disorder

39
Q

how do patients with PCOS present

A

weight gain, increased hair, amenorrhea, infertility

40
Q

what long term consequences of PCOS must you be aware of

A

developing diabetes due to the insulin resistance

oestrogen causing endometrial malignacies

41
Q

what can be used to treat hyperprolactinemoa

A

dopamine/bromocriptine

42
Q

what types of uterine damage can cause infertility

A

fibroids, pelvic inflammatory disease, endometriosis and development abnormalities

43
Q

what types of tubal damage can cause infertility

A

endometriosis, pelvic surgery or pelvic infections

44
Q

what is assisted reproduction techniques

A

where the oocytes are fertilised in vitro and allowed to develop into a morula. one of these cells is tested for genetic defects before being inserted into the mother

Reproductive System (15 decks)

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