Sex and Fertility

Question 1

how do sperm mature in the epididymus

Answer 1

they begin to be able to move and have the potential to fertilise

Question 2

what is the sperm maturation in the epididymus dependant on

Answer 2

testosterone

Question 3

what is capacitation

Answer 3

where the sperms tail starts to move in a whip like action and its acrosome is lost enabling it to enter the oocyte

Question 4

what digestive enzyme is found in the sperms acrosome

Answer 4

hualronidase

Question 5

where do the sperm bind on the bona pellucida

Answer 5

ZP3 receptor

Question 6

what makes up the majority of seminal fluid

Answer 6

the seminal vesicles

Question 7

describe the fluid produced by the seminal vesicles

Answer 7

it is alkaline, and has fructose

Question 8

what proportion of the seminal plasma is made by the prostate gland

Answer 8

25%

Question 9

describe the fluid produced by the prostrate gland

Answer 9

milky, contains citric acid for calcium ion chelation

Question 10

what glands produce a very same amount of seminal fluid

Answer 10

bulbourethral glands

Question 11

what is cervical mucus like before ovulation

Answer 11

very thin and stretchy due to high oestrogen

Question 12

what is cervical mucus like after ovulation

Answer 12

thick and sticky

Question 13

where does fertilisation occur

Answer 13

in the ampulla of the fallopian tubes

Question 14

what is a cortical reaction

Answer 14

where the oocyte empties its cortical granules - this changes its membrane to stop further sperm from entering

Question 15

where does implantation occur

Answer 15

on the superior, posterior uterine wall

Question 16

what is placenta preavia

Answer 16

where implantation occurs over the internal os

Question 17

what nervous system causes an erection

Answer 17

parasympathetic

Question 18

through which nerves is an erection initiated

Answer 18

the pelvic nerves

Question 19

what does the parasympathetic NS do to cause an erection

Answer 19

causes the release of NO which increases arterial dilation, sinusoid relaxation and venous compression

Question 20

true or false: the corpus spongiosum expands in an erection

Answer 20

false - this would block the urethra

Question 21

what can cause erectil dysfunction

Answer 21

drugs, alcohol, tears in the albuginea

Question 22

what does viagra do

Answer 22

slows down the rate of cGMP degrading, os theres more NO giving more blood flow to the penis

Question 23

which nervous system controls ejaculation

Answer 23

sympathetic nervous system

Question 24

what is emission

Answer 24

contraction of smooth muscle in the vas deferens, prostrate and seminal vesicles to move semen into the prostatic urethra

Question 25

what effect may sympathetic antagonists on ejaculation

Answer 25

they can cause a dry orgasm as they prevent smooth muscle contraction

Question 26

how does the combines oestrogen and progesterone pill work

Answer 26

inhibits ovulations by preventing the LH surge, also inhibits endometrial proliferation and makes the mucus thicker

Question 27

how does the low dose progesterone pill work

Answer 27

does not inhibit ovulation | just makes the cervical mucus thicker

Question 28

how does the intrauterine system work

Answer 28

contains high dose progesterone which inhibits the LH surge as well as thickening mucus and inhibiting endometrial proliferation

Question 29

how does the intrauterine device work

Answer 29

it is made of copper which is toxic to sperm

Question 30

define sub fertility

Answer 30

the failure of conception in a couple having regular, unprotected sex

Question 31

what is primary infertility

Answer 31

where the couple have never conceived before

Question 32

what is secondary infertility

Answer 32

where the couple have conceived before but can't now

Question 33

name some male causes of infertility

Answer 33

``` endocrine such as diabetes, hyperprolactineamia genetic vasculature obstructive STIs drugs ```

Question 34

name some ovulatory causes of infertility

Answer 34

hypothalamic-pituitary failure ovulatory failure hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian failure

Question 35

give 2 examples of hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian failure

Answer 35

PCOS | hyperprolactinaemia

Question 36

what is PCOS

Answer 36

where women have too much androgens due to insulin resistance this gives a lack of pulsatile GnRH this causes abnormally high LH and oestrogen causing anolvulation

Question 37

what is anolvulation

Answer 37

where ovulation does always occur

Question 38

what does PCOS stand for

Answer 38

polycystic ovary disorder

Question 39

how do patients with PCOS present

Answer 39

weight gain, increased hair, amenorrhea, infertility

Question 40

what long term consequences of PCOS must you be aware of

Answer 40

developing diabetes due to the insulin resistance | oestrogen causing endometrial malignacies

Question 41

what can be used to treat hyperprolactinemoa

Answer 41

dopamine/bromocriptine

Question 42

what types of uterine damage can cause infertility

Answer 42

fibroids, pelvic inflammatory disease, endometriosis and development abnormalities

Question 43

what types of tubal damage can cause infertility

Answer 43

endometriosis, pelvic surgery or pelvic infections

Question 44

what is assisted reproduction techniques

Answer 44

where the oocytes are fertilised in vitro and allowed to develop into a morula. one of these cells is tested for genetic defects before being inserted into the mother