Menstrual Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

what is primary amenorrhoea

A

the failure to establish menstruation by 16 years old

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2
Q

what is secondary amenorrhoea

A

stopping of a previously normal menstruation for over 6 months

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3
Q

what is oligomenorrhoea

A

infrequent menstruation

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4
Q

what is menorrhagia

A

excessive menstrual loss

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5
Q

how to fibroids cause menorrhagia

A

by increasing the surface area

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6
Q

what are common causes for menorrhagia

A

fibroids, polyps, endometrial cancer, bleeding disorders

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7
Q

what is dysmenorrhoea

A

pain during menstruation

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8
Q

what is endometriosis

A

growth of plaques made of endometrium growing outside of the uterus

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9
Q

what can you give to treat endometriosis

A

GnRH against - this will desensitise the GnRH receptors to switch off the HPG axis and so oestrogen won’t be produced to help the plaques grow

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10
Q

why are GnRH agonists not good for long term treatment

A

the lack of oestrogen produced can cause osteoporosis

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11
Q

what are the 2 layers which make up the endometrium

A
  1. functional layer

2. basal layer

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12
Q

what is the functional layer of the endometrium

A

the hormone responsive layer which grows and sheds if fertilisation doesn’t occur

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13
Q

what is the basal layer of the endometrium

A

the cells that grow to give the functional layer

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14
Q

true or false: low levels of oestrogen cause a positive feedback response

A

false

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15
Q

true or false: high levels of oestrogen cause a positive feedback response

A

true

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16
Q

is there a positive or negative feedback mechanism in the presence of oestrogen and progesterone

A

negative

17
Q

how can progesterone be used in a contraceptive pill

A

thickens the cervical mucus to prevent sperm from entering

18
Q

at the start of the cycle, what does a rise in FSH cause

A

follicular development

19
Q

what cells does the FSH bind to

A

granulose cells

20
Q

what will the follicle begin secreting when it has matured

A

oestrogen and inhibin

21
Q

after an initial increase in FSH, what causes the FSH levels to fall

A

the inhibin produced by the mature follicle

22
Q

what causes the LH surge

A

high levels of oestrogen produced from the follicle cause a positive feedback response, causing a large increase in LH

23
Q

what does the LH surge allow to happen

A

ovulation

for the follicle to finish meiosis 1 and start meiosis 2

24
Q

what is left in the ovary after ovulation

A

corpus luteum

25
Q

what hormones does the corpus lutuem produce

A

oestrogen and progesteorne and inhibin

26
Q

why do the LH and FSH levels decrease after ovulation

A

the oestrogen and progesterone released by the corpus luteum cause a negative feedback response
inhibin also prevents FSH production

27
Q

what happens if fertilisation occurs

A

HCG is produced which has the same effect as LH

28
Q

where is HCG produced from

A

syncytiotrophoblast

29
Q

what do FSH and LH do

A

cause follicular development and ovulation as well as the release of oestrogen

30
Q

what happens to the initial levels of LH and FSH in menopause

A

they increase