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Hailey - Neuro > Severson/Things Severson Would Like/Ruff (even though I think he doesn't likes her) > Flashcards

Severson/Things Severson Would Like/Ruff (even though I think he doesn't likes her) Flashcards

1
Q

subthalamic nucleus (STN) lesion

A

CONTRALATERAL hemiballismus

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2
Q

dorsal spinocerebellar tract through ________ peduncle

synapses on ________

A

dorsal spino cerebellar tract through INFERIOR CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLE
and synapses on GRANULE CELLS and DCN

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3
Q

cortico-olivary tract: IPS or CON

A

cortex and inferior olivary nucleus IPSILATERAL

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4
Q

rubro-olivary tract: IPS or CON

A

red nucleus to inferior olivary nucleus IPSILATERAL

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5
Q

olivo-cerebellar tract: IPS or CON

A

inferior olivary nucleus to CONTRALATERAL molecular layer and DCN (CLIMBING FIBERS)

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6
Q

tract through inferior cerebellar peduncle

A

olivocerebellar (climbing fibers)** CONTRALATERAL

*all other fibers coming in are mossy and go to granular layer

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7
Q

purkinje cells inhibit

A

DCN deep cerebellar nuclei

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8
Q

cerebellum input

A

olivocerebellar
pontocerebellar
corticocerebellar pathway (corticopontine IPS + pontocerebellar CON)

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9
Q

cortico-pontine tract: IPS or CON

A

cortex > IC > cerebral peduncle > pontine nuclei IPSILATERAL

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10
Q

ponto-cerebellar tract: IPS or CON

A

pontine nuclei > MCP > mossy fibers (and DCN) > granular layer > parallel fibers CONTRALATERAL

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11
Q

climbing fibers only found

A

from INFERIOR OLIVARY to CONtralateral MOLECULAR layer of cerebellum through INFERIOR CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLE

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12
Q

decorticate

A

SUPRATENTORIAL
red nucleus and brainstem centers intact
upper limb flexion
lower limb extension

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13
Q

decerebrate

A

POSTERIOR FOSSA
loss of red nucleus and brainstem
all limbs extension

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14
Q

dentato-rubro-thalamic tract: IPS or CON

A

DCN > SCP is IPSILATERAL

SCP > red nucleus and thalamus is CONTRALATERAL

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15
Q

superior cerebellar peduncle SCP

A

EFF have cell bodies in DCN

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16
Q

rubrospinal tract: IPS or CON

A

red nucleus > spinal cord CONTRALATERAL

contributes to flexion of upper limb

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17
Q

vestibulocerebellar tract associated with

A

fastigial DCN

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18
Q

MLF conects

A

CN III, IV, VI and vestibular nuclei

HEAD AND EYE MOVEMENTS

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19
Q

Area 4

A

precentral gyrus

BETZ CELLS

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20
Q

Area 17

A

primary visual cortex

STELLATE CELLS

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21
Q

horizontal component eye movements regulated by

A

PPRF

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22
Q

vertical component eye movements regulated by

A

rostral interstitial uncle of MLF

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23
Q

saccades are

A

BILATERAL

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24
Q

PPRF projects to

A

IPSILATERAL abducens CN VI

CONTRALATERAL oculomotor CN III

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25
Q

FEF lesion

A

loos voluntary saccades to CONTRALATERAL side
deviate eye TOWARDS side of lesion
stuck on what have INVOLUNTARILY looked at, as determined by Superior Colliculus

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26
Q

primary motor cortex homunculus areas are proportional to

A

fine motor control

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27
Q

M1 cortex stimulus

A

LOW STIMULUS INTENSITIES

hallmark

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28
Q

M1 encodes direction:

A

populations of nerves encode movement

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29
Q

M1 inputs

A

proprioceptive: CONTRALATERAL
other cortical areas (primary somatosensory, premotor, SMA, cingulate, post parietal)
cerebellum

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30
Q

Premotor cortex
PMd
PMv

A

PMd: dorsal: REACHING
PMv: ventral: GRASPING, COGNITIVE CONTROL = (MIRROR NEURONS)

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31
Q

PM inputs

A

SMA, CMA, prefrontal, post parietal, cerebellum, bg

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32
Q

PM fxn

A

high level motor coordination
complex MULTI-JOINT movements
ACTION SEQ
EXTERNALLY DRIVEN STIM
PREPARE MOVEMENTS rehearse in head move
MIRROR NEURONS see action happening, same neurons firing in your head
BEHAVIOR CONTEXT increase firing when coffee cup full than when empty (drinking coffee behavior almost done)

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33
Q

PM lesion

A

inability to:
respond to stimuli properly KNOW HOW TO BRUSH TEETH BUT CAN’T WHEN HANDED TOOTHBRUSH
plan appropriately CAN’T PICK UP FOOD FROM UNDER TABLE IN DIFFERENT WAY
learn new sensory-motor associations CAN’T LEARN “PURPLE MEANS GO”
steer arm accurately CAN’T BRUSH TEETH

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34
Q

SMA homunculus

A

ORTHOGONAL to M1 homunculus
towards eyes: face
towards back of head: legs

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35
Q

SMA stimulus

A 
motion in MULTIPLE JOINTS (>M1, <PM)
POSTURAL changes
INTERNAL GENERATION OF MOVEMENT i will go get a coffee
LEARN SEQUENCES OF MOVEMENTS
MENTAL REHEARSAL
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36
Q

proficiency at motor sequence?

A

decreased SMA activity, M1 assumes control = chunking

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37
Q

SMA inputs

A

M1, prefrontal, posterior parietal, bg and cerebellum

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38
Q

SMA lesion

A

lose INTERNAL DRIVE to movements
loss of suppression of motor programs triggered by visual stimulation
1. alien hand syndrome: CONTRALATERAL
2. utilization behavior: use of objects in inappropriate setting (usually suppressed)

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39
Q

postural tone is managed by

A

alpha MNs

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40
Q

feed-forward adjustments

A

anticipatory

RETICULOSPINAL TRACT

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41
Q

feedback adjustments

A

VESTIBULOSPINAL TRACT: contacts alpha and motor neurons

senses when off kilter and adjusts muscle tone appropriately

42
Q

vestibulospinal tract reflexes

A

VESTIBULOCOLLIC reflex: acts on neck to move head
VESTIBULOSPINAL reflex: adjusts limbs
reflex to maintain balance

43
Q

other descending tracts provide central control of posture by (need 2/3 to be balanced)

A

vision
proprioception
vestibular

44
Q

cortex tell head not to flip back when going to bend down to pick up something OR postural tone before running
= example of what adjustment and tracts

A

FEEDFORWARD ADJUSTMENT
CORTICORETICULAR TRACT
RETICULOSPINAL TRACT

45
Q

pontine reticular formation

A

inhibited by cortex

excites gamma MNs

46
Q

medullary reticular formation

A

excited by cortex

inhibits gamma MNs

47
Q

net effect of corticoreticular and reticulospinal tracts:

A

cortex damps down gamma MN activity > MODULATES TONE (DECREASES TONE)

48
Q

corticospinal system lesion

PYRAMIDAL TRACT

A

LOSS FINE MOTOR CONTROL

brainstem control centers compensate (other descending)

49
Q

corticospinal system lesion

SPINAL CORD TRANSECTION

A

all descending systems lost
FLACCID PARALYSIS
NO REFLEXES
gamma and alpha MNs have no input from CNS

***REFLEXES RETURN AS HYPERREFLEXIA
also HYPERTONIA

50
Q

corticospinal system lesion

MI or IC

A

LOSS OF TONE
weakness, hypotonia
“spinal shock” followed by BABKINSKI, HYPERREFLEXIA, HYPERTONIA, CLONUS, CLASP KNIFE RIGIDITY

DECORTICATE ;if above red nucleus and brainstem

51
Q

corticobulbar tract

A

projects from cortex to CN nuclei, especially with motor capabilities

52
Q

corticospinal tract pathway

A

M1, PM, SMA, somatosensory > IC > cerebral peduncle > pons > pyramidal tracts on ventral medulla > spinal cord

90% decussate > lateral corticospinal tract > distal limbs
10% doesn’t > anterior corticospinal tract > axial/prox limbs

53
Q

cortico bulbar projections to:

A 
most all BILATERAL
III: eye movements
IV: eye movements
V: chewing
VI: eye movements
VII: facial move (CONTRALATERAL LOWER FACE)
IX: larynx and upper airway
X: larynx and upper airway
XI: SCM, trapezius
XII: tongue move
54
Q

corticospinal, once in SC: contacts

A

alpha MNs: LMNS and interneurons to coordinate multi joint movements

55
Q

cortex controls _______, NOT _______

A

motions, not muscles

56
Q

rubrospinal tract neurons

A

magnocellular: large. input from M1, output to SC

parvo cellular: small. input from cerebellum, output to inferior olive

CONTRALATERAL bc axons decussate almost immediately from red nucleus

57
Q

main clinical signs of cerebellar lesion

A

ataxia
action tremor
nystagmus
loss of balance

58
Q

associated DCN
vermis =
paravermis =
lateral hemispheres =

A

vermis = fastigial
paravermis = emboliform and globus
lateral hem = dentate

59
Q

don’t eat green frogs (lateral to medial)

A

lateral: dentate > emboliform > globus > fastigial: medial

60
Q

vermis fxns

A

MIDLINE FXNS

speech, posture, stance, gait, visceral

61
Q

paravermis fxn

A

APPENDICULAR MOVEMENTS
reaching
grasping

62
Q

lateral hemispheres fxn

A

extensive reciprocal connections with cortex
spatially and temporally complex
cognition
PLAYING PIANO

63
Q

granule cells are

A

most numerous cell in brain

64
Q

start at granule cells >

A

granule cells > bifurcate > become parallel fibers > axons perpendicular to purkinje dendrites > ENORMOUS INTEGRATION OF INFO > purkinje to DCN > output

65
Q

mossy fibers to

climbing fibers to

A

DCN and granule cells

DCN and purkinje cells

66
Q

cerebellar damage type tremor

A

ACTION TREMOR

67
Q

Associative Learning system

A

EFFERENT COPY + REAFFERANT SENSORY

68
Q

cerebrocerebellum is a source of ______ fibers

A

mossy fibers

to lateral hemisphers

69
Q

vestibulaocerebellum from

A

vestibular nerve CN VIII and nuclei to flocculonodular lobe

70
Q

spinocerebellum from

A

S and M from SC and vestibular, auditory, visual info to vermis and paravermis

71
Q

basal ganglia input zone

A

corpus striaum: caudate nucleu and putamen

72
Q

palladium receives input from

A

striatal output

73
Q

basal ganglia fxn

A 
selecting between mutually exclusive actions
PROMOTE ONE, SUPPRESS OTHER
CHOOSE FROM INPUTS:
external environment
internal state
associated memories and emotions
efferent copy
salience of possible actions
74
Q

basal state of basal ganglia is

A

to do nothing -RUFF

75
Q

medium spiny neurons (2 kinds)

A
  1. GABA/substance P > GPi and SNr

1. GABA/enkephalin > GPe

76
Q

need dopaminergic neurons to do

DA linked to

A

goal oriented movements

reward system

77
Q

basal ganglia motor circuitry

A

all neurons inhibitory in basal ganglia (putamen, SNr, GPi, GPe)
EXCEPT subthalamic nucleus STN = excitatory

78
Q

caudate nucleus pathway

A

caudate nucleus inhibits > SNr > brainstem >

  1. superior colliculs > eye movement
  2. PPT > locomotion
79
Q

Parkinson disease

A

decrease in SNc = LOSS OF DOPAMINERGIC NEURONS

Sx: 
bradykinesia
shuffling gait
cogwheel/lead pipe rigidity
tremor AT REST
dementia
80
Q

Huntington disease

A

decrease act. of GPe >
choreiform
hyperkinsia

81
Q

direct and indirect bg pathways work _______ to ensure a single desired action is activated

A

together

  1. motor cortex says “i want to do something” activates DIRECT projections to appropriate motor programs
  2. motor cortex “” > INDIRECT projections to all the competing motor programs
82
Q

default network of cognitive processing

involved in

A

posteior parietal, posterio cingulate, dorsolateral prefrontal, medial prefrontal, medial temporal, vostrolateral temporal

day dreaming
autobiographic memories
envisioning future
moral decisions

83
Q

cognition occurs between

A

stimulus and response (waiting for bus monologue)

84
Q

association cortices

A 
premotor
somatosensorty
auditory assoc
visual assoc
= unimodal

all others = multimodal

85
Q

corticocortical connections

callosal connections

A

within same hemisphere

with other hemisphere

86
Q

thalamic nucleus input

A

retina > lateral geniculate > primary visual cortex

cochlea > medial geniculate > primary auditory cortex

skin (ML) > VPL > primary somatosensory cortex

association cortex, superior colliculus > pulvinar > parietotemporal and visual association cortex

superior colliculus, oflactory, amygdala, ventral pallidum > medial dorsal > RER, ant cingulate cortex

assoc crtex, ant. cingulate, retina > lateral posterior > parieta, visual assoc, striatum

hypothalamus, hippocampus, cigulate > anterior > posterior cingulate

87
Q

parietal cortex fxn
dominant hemisphere
nondominant hemisphere

A

dominant: skilled movements
R-L orientation

nondominant: attention/selective attn STROOP TEST
visuospatial localization (search, reach object)
spatial relationships (bind elements of visual scene together as single image)
88
Q

posterior parietal cortex damage

A 
SPATIAL NEGLECT (nondominant hemisphere): failure to acknowledged half of world
R controls visual fields of both sides
MOTOR APRAXIAS (dominant hemisphere): loss movement,loss ability to perform skilled motions
ex; IDEOMOTOR APRAXIA know how but physically unable: gestures or use of tools TOOTHBRUSH EXAMPLE
89
Q

temporal assoiation cortex
superior temporal sulcus >
inferior temporal sulcus >

A

superior > LANGUAGE AND SOCIAL ATTENTION

inferior > RECOGNITION

90
Q

temporal association cortex uses __________ to recognize faces

A

population coding of neurons to recognize (faces, things)

91
Q

temporal assoication cortex lesions >

A

AGNOSIA

92
Q

prospagnosia

A

inability to recognize faces

BILATERAL lesion INF TEMP COR

93
Q

visual agnosia

A

inability to recognize an object

UNIMODAL VISUAL CORTEX damage

94
Q

astereognosia

A

inability to recognize object by touch alone

UNIMODAL SOMATOSENSORY lesion

95
Q

associative visual agnosia

A

can id, but not name

POSTEIOR PARIETAL damage

96
Q

finger agnosia

A

can’t recognize fingers

ANGULAR GYRUS of dominant PARIETAL CORTEX

97
Q

Gentmann syndrome

A

figer agnosia
acalculia (can’t do math)
agraphia (can’t write)
R-L confusion

98
Q

frontal association cortex

A

executive fun and planning

99
Q

frontal associaion cortex damage

A 
association with personality
IMPAIRED IMPULSE CONTROL
SOCIAL INAPPROPRIATE BEHAVIOR
DISORDERED THOUGHT
PERSEVERATION 
COGNITIVE INFLEXIBILITY
phineas gage

WISCONSIN CARD SORTING SHIT = perseveration

100
Q

maturation of cortex
@ birth
1 yr

facts

A

@ birth: not integrated
1 yr: rapid development

  1. synaptic density
  2. myelination
  3. gray matter thickness
101
Q

maturation of cortex rate

A

not uniform

  1. sesorimotor
  2. unimodal association areas
  3. high connect prefrontal

*last area to mature = first to degenerate

102
Q

more plastic >

A

susceptible to changes

Hailey - Neuro (10 decks)

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