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Hailey - Neuro > Fitzayyy > Flashcards

Fitzayyy Flashcards

1
Q

somatosensation

A

process that conveys info regrind body and itxn with environment

  1. mechanoreception
  2. thermosensation
  3. nociception
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2
Q

transduction channel is a member of

A 
transient receptor potential superfamily of ion channels
eg: 
thermoreceptors adapt rapidly to temps
mechanoreceptors repsond to deormations
nocicptors respond to \_\_\_\_\_
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3
Q

nociceptors/TRPV1 opens/responds to

A

heat
protons
vanillinoids

potentiated by prostaglandins = sensitiziation

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4
Q

perception of pain is not simply due to activation of nociceptors, but is the outcome of

A

modulation of both nociceptive and non-nociceptive inputs

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5
Q

gate theory of pain

A

inhibitory interneurons regulate the transmission of ascending nociceptive information at the level of the second order neuron, allowing modulation of the signal

explains phantom limb pain
success of TENS treatment
opioids

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6
Q

steady pressure and stretch receptors

flutter and vibration receptors

A

Merkel and Ruffini
slowly adapting

Meissner’s corpuscles and Pacinian corpuscles
rapidly adapting

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7
Q 
thermoreception:
stimulus
receptor
location
receptive field
adaptation
A 
(high acuity, well localized, rapid adapt)
cold = menthol, warm = capsaicin
free nerve ending
superficial
small RF
rapid adapt

*direcly coupled to ion channel/no 2nd mess)

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8
Q 
nociception:
stimulus
receptor
location
receptive field
adaptation
A 
(poor acuity, slow adapt)
thermal = heat, mechanical, polymodal chemical = capsaicin, protons
free nerve endings
superifical
small/rapid, large/slow, large/slow
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9
Q

think thermoreceptors…

Receptor proteins depend on….

A

nociceptive or no?

stimulus type, not the anatomy

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10
Q

compounds that sensitize the receptor protein, decrease the threshold for activating channel

sensitization causes

A

5-HT, ATP, PGs, bradykinin

hyperalgesia - increased pain perception from painful stimulus
allodynia - pain from stimulus that doesn’t normally cause pain

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11
Q

TRP channels

A

nonspecific cation channels

think TRPV1 and nociception**

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12
Q

how test acuity/how well pain is localized

A

point localaiton vs 2 point discrimination

physical distance where can perceive two stimuli versus one

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13
Q

C fibers

A 
unmyelinated
DULL ACHY PAIN
low conduction velocity
small diameter
mechanoreception, thermoreception, SLOW PAIN
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14
Q

Abeta fibers

A 
myelinated
large diameter
high conduction velocity
MECHANORECEPTION ONLY*
OW!
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15
Q

Adelta fibers

A

myelinated
medium diameter
medium conduction velocity
mechanoreception, termoreception, FAST PAIN

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16
Q

3 types of pain

A
  1. ACUTE NOCICEPTIVE: fast (sharp, pricking), well localized, Abeta OR slow (achy, dull) C fibers, not well localized
  2. INFLAMMATORY PAIN: damage or sensitization to receptor or adjacnet damaged cells
  3. NEUROPATHIC PAIN: peripheral or central REORGANIZATION of pathway so don’t need a nociceptive stimulus to perceive pain
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17
Q

referred pain

A

activation of nociceptors in viscera = perceived as somatosensory problem
so TWO PATHAWYS GOING TO THE BRAIN
brain doesn’t know how to interpret

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18
Q

nociception is _____

pain is the _____

A

sensation

perception

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19
Q

transduction

A

stimulus energy (electromagnetic, mechanical or chemical) converted into electrical potentials interpreted by nervous system

  1. stimulus
  2. accessory strux
  3. receptor with transducer protein**ESSENTIAL STEP
  4. seomteims: snd mess
  5. ion channels open or close
  6. membrane pot change = receptor potential***
  7. sometimes NT release on 2nd cell
  8. AP generation
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20
Q

receptor potential is a _______ to a stimulus

A

graded response

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21
Q

adequate stimulus

A

type* of energy that a receptor responds to under normal conditions

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22
Q

stimulus intensity is encoded int wo ways:

A
  1. frequency coding (firing rate increases with increased intensity)
  2. population coding (number 1* afferents increases = RECRUITMENT)
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23
Q

adaptation

A

response of a receptor to constant stimulus declines over time
if change in receptor potential occurs:
SLOW = TONIC
RAPIDLY = PHASIC

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24
Q

acuity

A

ability to localize a stimulus

determined by receptive fields size and receptor density

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25
Q

lateral inhibition

A

application of a stimulus to center of the RF excites a central neuron, but a stimulus applied near the edge inhibits it

= shuts off adjacent neurons
= just because detected in receptor, doesn’t mean you will perceive it

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26
Q

sensory unit

A

sensory afferent 1* and receptors that define its receptor field

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27
Q

TENS: gate theory

A

an opportunity to shut down the pain system

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28
Q

under normal circumstances, not having pain because

A
  1. no stimulus

2. second order inhibitory neuron

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29
Q

by stimulating ______ can shut down the pain pathway/gate to pain

A

stimulating mechanoreceptors*** reactive the inhibitory interneuron to close gate again

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30
Q

inhibitory interneurons of gate of pain are releasing

A

glycine

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31
Q

external and middle ears stimulation

A

sound

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32
Q

job of _____ to deal with complex sounds

A

cochlea

complex sounds can be deconstructed into a series of sin and cosin waves into component frequencies

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33
Q

cochlea is linear or nonlinear

A

nonlinear - get more freq out than put in

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34
Q

external ear/pinna susceptible to shearing upon anterior force

A

cauliflower ear:

force forward shears cartilage of bone > hematoma > stimulation more cartilage growth

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35
Q

4 nerves innervate external ear

A 
greater auricular
less occipital
(both off cervical plexus)
auricular branch of CN X (can envoke fainting from ear)
auriculotemporal branch of V3
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36
Q

cause of conductive hearing loss

A

impaction of cerumen into TM

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37
Q

two types glands *unique to EAM

A
  1. ceruminous

2. sebaceous of hair follicle

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38
Q

tympanic membrane

A

deepest point: umbo
pars flaccid doesn’t move
4 separate tissue layers: EAC, epithelium, connective distress, endothelium, middle ear

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39
Q

TM innervated by

A
  1. external surface: anterior and posterior auriculotemporal of V
  2. internal surface: tempering branch of IX glossopharyngeal

sense cold, pain, touch

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40
Q

vibration of TM causes

A

malleus and incus to pivot > stapes footplate vibration at the oval window

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41
Q

why is air conduction better than bone conduction

A

the gain in pressure due to the actions of the ossicles from air sounds prevents some of the energy loss inherent in an air/fluid transition

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42
Q

middle ear function

A

determines what IE will hear
minimizes loss of energy that occurs at air/water interface
amplifies force by
1. TM much larger than OW
2. malleus makes lever situation > lever ratio
3. TM buckles: force concentrated at jumbo

*anything that affects this matching will cause CONDUCTIVE HEARING LOSS

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43
Q

mass vs. stiffness

A

mass: heavy, can’t vibrate quickly > transmits low
stiffness: think elasticity, volume of air cavity > transmits high

*every substance has an internal impedance that affects its resonance

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44
Q

normal hearing range

A

100Hz - 20KHz

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45
Q

hearing loss starts at

A

25 dBSL (relative)

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46
Q

conductive HL

A

air conduction affected

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47
Q

two labyrinths in inner ear

A
  1. bony: contains perilymph

2. membranous: contains endolymph

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48
Q

vestibular/ossesous labyrinth projections

A
  1. semicircular (3)
  2. cochlea (spiral)
  3. vestibular aquaduct
  4. cochlear aquaduct (connects perilymph to CSF)
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49
Q

membranous labyrinth

A

completely enclosed

  1. cochlear duct: scala media (core of spiral)
  2. saccule (has macula)
  3. utricle (has macula)
  4. endolymphatic duct (ends in endolymphatic sac)
  5. ant, post, and lat semicircular canals
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50
Q

receptive areas (where hair cells are)

A

6 total in each ear

  1. organ of Corti (HEARING)
  2. maculae = otolith organs (saccule and utricle) (BALANCE)
  3. cristae ampullaris = semicurcular canals (BALANCE)
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51
Q

inner ear innervation

A

CN VIII
sensory AFF to brainstem from HC (esp type I)
motor EFF from brainstem to HC (esp type II)

4 branches:

  1. auditory branch (cochlea)
  2. superior vestibular (utricle and SCs)
  3. inferior (saccule)
  4. posterior (posterior canal)
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52
Q

hair cell transduction

A
  1. fxn as mechanoreceptors: have steriocilia on apical surface that have transduction channels that O and C to change receptor potential (with stretch activated channels)
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53
Q

type I hair cells

type II hair cells

A

“true” sensory receptors
90% AFF
EFF go to dendrites of AFF

motor/contractile cell
10% AFF
each 1* many II HC
large, very secure EFF synapse

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54
Q

inner ear transduction is DIRECTIONAL:

A

displacement toward the tallest stereociliar (positive deflection) results in DEPOLARIZATION

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55
Q

adaptation definition

adaptation motor

A

decrease in response of receptor to a continuous stimulus

move SC towards tallest, the anchoring protein on tall slips down, decreases tension, causes channel to close = keeps hyper polarization possible

motor: keeps tension at proper point for response (channel open)

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56
Q

semicircular canals detect ______

otolith organs detect ______

A

SCs detect head rotation (angular acceleration)

OOs detect gravity (linear accleration)

57
Q

cilia type only in vestibular system

A

kinocilium

adjacent to tallest steriocilia

58
Q

move head, then >

A

head rotates (HC move) > fluid doesn’t move (inertia) > steriocilia deflect (dep or hyp)

head reaches constant velocity > cupula catches up
steriocilia aren’t deflecting > no signal

head stops > fluid and cupola keep moving > steriocilia in opposite direction

59
Q

otolith organs responding to gravity

A

S: away from midline, horizontal
U: toward midline, vertical

*both otoliths responding in all orientations, stimulate one more than the other

60
Q

otoconia

A

CaCO3 crystals sitting on top of steriocilia to deflect to gravity

61
Q

base of cochlea

apex of cochlea

A

base encodes high freq

apex encodes low freq

62
Q

3 tubes/scalae

A

vestibuli and tympani have perilymph

scala media has endolymph

63
Q

two membranes cochlear

A

BASILAR divides ST from SM

VESTIBULAR divides SV from SM

64
Q

spiral ganglion/auditory nerve is

A

in the middle of the bony modiolus

65
Q

scala media

A
  1. BM vibrates
  2. SG neuron AFF to inner and outer HC
  3. stria vascularis generates endolymph and endochoclear potential (K+)
66
Q

shearing force that causes steriocilia to move

A

BM vibrates and Tectorial membrane doesn’t vibrate > creates shearing force

67
Q

dieter cell

A

underneath OHC contributes to reticular lamine (stability when OHC contracts)

68
Q

pressure wave induces

A

vibration (starts in base > peaks at some point)

69
Q

sensoriunrual HL

A

as age, damage to base first = high frequency HL first

70
Q

passive properties

A

base: elastic, few supporting cells LOW MASS
apex: floppy, lots of supporting cells

*EACH PLACE HAS SPECIFIC COMBO OF MASS AND STIFFNESS > SPECIFIC RESONANCE FREQ

71
Q

OHC contraction >

A

increase AMP of BM movement > OHCs contract > mechanical transduction > acoustic energy > resonance vibe at particular spot > BM vibrates > OHCs contract

also signal to the brain when BM vibrates: APs generated by IHCs

POSITIVE FEEBACK LOOP

72
Q

OAE

A

otoacoustic emissions: sound coming from ear, generated by OHC

73
Q

stria vascularis

A

produces endlymph (high K+) and the endocohlear potential (+80mV)

74
Q

auditory pathways

A

HCs in cochlea > auditory nerve > cochlear nuclei in brainstem > trapezoid body > superior olivary complex > lateral lemniscus > inferior colliculus > brachium of inferior colliculus > medial geniculate nucleus > internal capsule > primary auidotyr cortex (superior temporal gyrus) = perception

75
Q

acoustic reflex

A

HCs in cochlea > spiral ganglion/auditory nerve > cochlear nuclei > trapezoid body > superior olivary complex >

  1. EFF to HCs in cochlea
  2. trigeminal motor nucleus > V3 > tensor tympani in ME
    facial motor nucleus > VII > stapedius ME
    *STIFFEN, HARDEN TO SOUND = DECREASED SOUND TRANSMISSION
76
Q

extensive ______ connections of auditory system

A

BILATERAL

77
Q

vestibular pathways

A

HCs in SC canals and otolith organs > vesibular ganglion/vesibular nerve > vestibular nuclei >

i. medial lemniscus > ventroposterior nucleus of thalamus > internal capsule > vestibular cortex = PERCEPTION

ii. lateral vestibulospinal tract (LVST) > limb and trunk
medial vestibulospinal tract (MVST) > upper back and neck = VESTIBULOSPINAL REFLEXES

iii. inferior cerebellar peduncle > vestibulo-cerebellum/flocculonodular lobe = VESTIBULOCEREBELLAR REFLEXES

iv. medial longitudinal fasciulus (MLF) > 3 motor nuclei:
oculomotor nucleus > CN III > sup, med, inf rectus
abducens nucleus > CN VI > lateral rectus
trochlear nucleus > CN IV > superior oblique
= VESTIBULO-OCULAR REFLEX (VOR)

78
Q

acoustic neuroma impacts

A

IAM
vestibular CN VIII and facial CN VII
damages acoustic N and facial N and labyrinthine artery > hair cell damage

79
Q

vestibulospinal tract is ______ in cervical SC

A

ventral column

80
Q

vestibular nuclei found dorsal in _____ section

solitary nuclei and tract found dorsal in _____ section

MLF found _____ in _____ section

cochlear nucleus found dorsal and _____ in _____ section

A

medulla section

medulla section

MLF found medially in medulla section

dorsal and lateral in medulla section

81
Q

superior vestibular nucleus (SVN) found in ______ in _____ section

superior olivary nucleus (SON) found _____ in _____ section

abducens nucleus found _____ in _____ section

corticospinal tracts found _____ in _____ section

lateral lemniscus is found _____ in _____ section

A

SVN found in MCP of pons section

SON medial WHITE SPOT in pons

nCN VI medial in pons

in potato of pons

lateral in pons

82
Q

inferior colliculus found in _____ section

SCP decussation found in _____ section

cerebral crus found in _____ section

A

midbrain section

83
Q

medial geniculate body found in _____ section

A

rostral midbrain section

84
Q

auditory brainstem responses (ABRs)

A

evolved potential response
estimate of inner ear function and if central pathway fun is correct
peak and valleys: response of nerve

eg: stimulation > AN > TB trapezoid body > BIC brachium inferior colliculus > 1* aud cortex

85
Q

ability to localize sound tested by

A

Weber

86
Q

superior olivary nucleus can compare ____ and ___ of both sides ability to localize sound

A

compares timing and intensity

if alter timing in one ear, can’t process where sound is from - change in weber test (sound localizes to one ear)

87
Q

Weber findings

A

abnormal: sound localizes to one ear
CONDUCTIVE hearing loss, SOUND travels to DAMAGED EAR
SENSORINEURAL hearing loss, SOUND travels to GOOD EAR

88
Q

LVST lateral vestibulospinal tract

MVST medial vestibulospinal tract

A

AFF: entire labyrinth MOTION AND GRAVITY
lateral vestibular nucleus
POSTURAL CHANGES to compensate for tillts
adjustment of PROXIMAL LIMB AND TRUNK
(contracts extensor muscles, indirect relaxation of flexor muscles)
EFF: IPSILATERAL, excitatory

AFF: SC canals MOTION
medial vestibular nucleus
STABILIZE HEAD POSITION WHEN WALK
relaxation of muscles of upper back and neck
EFF: BILATERAL, “more complicated than ex and in”

89
Q

impt clinical test for brain activity/brain dead

A

VOR

no “dolls eyes” movement = brain dead

90
Q

VOR

A

move head in one direction, eyes move in other direction
to compensate for head motion

turn head left > left DEPOLARIZATION > vestibular ganglion > vestibular nuclei > L excitation > IPSILATERAL CN III medial rectus and CONTRALATERAL CN VI lateral rectus

hyperpol and inhibition of others

91
Q

nystagmus

A

competition between VOR and cortex to where head and eyes should be. defect in vestibular system when spontaneous nystagmus

COWS; name nystagmus by FAST SACCADE: “beating”

92
Q

COWS

A

cold water: opposite nystagmus (cold water in left ear, right nystagmus)
warm water: same nystagmus (warm water in left ear, left nystagmus

93
Q

nystagmus and lesion locations

A

lesion in CORTEX: SACCADE eliminated

lesion in BRAINSTEM: NO VOR or SACCADE

94
Q

conductive HL damage

sensorineural HL damage

central auditory processing disorders damage

A

external or middle ear

HC or auditory N or cochlear

“cocktail party” hearing deficit in CNS, inferior colliculus

95
Q

profound worsening HL at ____ Hz

A

80Hz

96
Q

normal audiogram

A

air conduction through ME gives lower thresholds than bone. AC > BC

97
Q

conductive HL

sensorineural HL

A

bone thresholds normal, air thresholds much higher
(need more sound)
WORSE AIR CONDUCTION THAN BONE CONDUCTION

HL for both AC and BC
bone and air thresholds much higher (especially in higher Hz)

98
Q

Rinne tests for

Weber tests for

A

conductive loss

lateralization of hearing or HL
unilateral SENSORY loss: localization to normal ear
unilateral CONDUCTIVE loss: localization to affected side

99
Q

tympanometry test

A 
measures ME pressure
fluid in ME
TM perforation
ossicular chain disruption
potency of ventilation tube
100
Q

acoustic reflex test

A

apply sound and conduct tympanometry test
*HL required to evoke acoustic reflex = middle ear compliance
FACIAL NERVE FXN

101
Q

audiograms test

A

OAE: ME fxn, COCHLEAR (OHC) FXN

ABR (auditory brainstem response): ME fxn, IE and auditory nerev fxn, AUDITORY PATHWAY FUNCTION

102
Q

intrafusal muscle fibers

A

NON-contractile
1* (Ia) afferent fibers
2* (II)
INNERVATED BY GAMMA MNs

103
Q

extrafusal muscle fibers innverated by

A

alpha MNs

104
Q

______ responsible for the stretch reflex.

A

Muscle spindles

105
Q

stretch reflex 5 steps

A
  1. muscle stretches
  2. depolarization in spindle AFFERENT
  3. activation of alpha nd gamma MNs
  4. contraction of extrfusal and intrafusal muscle fibers
  5. maintains tension in spindle to allow it to connive to be response
106
Q

inverse stretch reflex

A

increased activity of inhibitory interneuron > decrease alpha MN activity > RELAX

107
Q

flaccid paralysis

spastic paralysis

A

eliminate alpha MNs

overactive gamma MNs

108
Q

reflex arc

A
  1. sensory receptor
  2. 1* afferent neuron
  3. 1-3 CNS synapses
  4. MN
  5. muscles
109
Q

recurrent inhibition

A

afferent neuron or mN shuts itself off

110
Q

absence of descending control of gamma MNs >

A

clasp knife reflex

111
Q

Perception: complex processing types

A
  1. series processing (labelled line/series carried to cortex)
  2. parallel processing (divergence)
  3. convergence (within and across modality/gate theory of pain: mechano and noci to SC)
  4. descending info down to receptor level

“what you see is not what you get”

112
Q

selective attention

A

cortex decides what it wants to perceive

posterior parietal selective attention?

113
Q

ganglion cells and lateral inhibition by ______

A

horizontal and amercing cells are responsible for lateral inhibition

result > ganglion cells have increased response to contrast; generate a definitive response

114
Q

key step to integrate PRs response and generate APs in ganglion cells:

A

response of BIPOLAR CELLS

some don’t chang signal, some flip signal so is off, depends = complex ganglion cell response

115
Q

ganglion cells

primary visual cortex

A

on and off cells

orientation
then orientation and motion

= DORSAL STREAM: WHERE

116
Q

visual cortex physiology:
1st dimension
2nd dimension
3rd dimension

A

1st: OCULAR DOMINANCE > depth perception
2nd: ORIENTATION: edges and motion
3rd: COLOR in “blob” regions

117
Q

_____ is overrepresented within primary visual cortex input = ocular dominance

A

fovea

118
Q

strabismus

A

muscle imbalance results in misalignment of visual axes of two eyes > causes DIPLOPIA

119
Q

amblyopia

A

suppresses info from weaker one eye (cortex coping), so decreased visual acuity
permanent

120
Q

80% of ganglion cells encode _____ (color perception)

A

encode L/M wave: red green differences

121
Q

difference in acuity depends on

A

contribution of cone types because RFs are different sizes

122
Q

luminescence (wavelengths)

A

long and medium (L + M) wavelengths, red and green codes encoding = CONTRAST

123
Q

outputs from visual cortex

A

dorsal and ventral streams

ventral stream: “WHAT” encodes COLOR AND FORM
dorsal stream: “WHERE” encodes MOTION AND DEPTH PERCEPTION

124
Q

corticoacromotopsia

A

can’t see color or id things

ventral stream/color and form issue

125
Q

ideomotor apraxia

A

can’t execute movements dependent on site

dorsal stream/motion and depth perception issue

126
Q

language processing (general process)

A
  1. comprehension (input)
    LISTENING (starts in auditory)/READING (starts in visual)
  2. interpretation of language
  3. expression (output)
    SPEAKING (vocal apparatus muscles)/WRITING (hand muscles)
127
Q

what defines a language

A

grammar (symbols)
syntax (contex)
prosody (conveys meaning)

128
Q

primary language pathway

A

input from primary visual and auditory cortex > LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION in Wernicke’s area in posterior temporal lobe > arcuate fasciculus > MEANINGFUL LANGUAGE FORMED in Broca’s area in posterior inferior frontal lobe > primary motor cortex > voluntary muscles > speech

129
Q

Gershwind’s territory

A

receives input from primary visual and auditory cortex > RECOGNIZE AND LABELS ITEMS > synapse on Wernicke and Broca’s areas

not developed until 5/6 years old (so can read)

130
Q

Lateralization

A

LEFT (dominant) cortex: RIGHT VISUAL FIELD processing
RIGHT cortex: LEFT VISUAL FIELD processing

= lateralization through corpus collosum

131
Q

another lateralization example

A

PROSODY (emotion of speech) COMPREHENSION and INTERPRETATION in RIGHT cortex > thru corpus colosseum (?) > LEFT cortex: WRITING and SPEECH COMPREHENSION > L + R 1* motor cortices > output

132
Q

handedness stats

A

90% right handed, 10% left handed

LANGUAGE localized in L cortex and
EMOTIONAL CONTENT in R cortex:
true in 95% of RH people and 60% of LH people
(of 20% bilateral, 20% are R cortex dominant)

133
Q

vocalization = tonal qualities of speech (steps)

A
  1. airstream from lungs
  2. vibration of vocal folds
  3. filtering by vocal tract (vowels/shape of vocal tracts and consonants is opening and closing folds)
  4. output sound
134
Q

phonomes

A

speech sounds
200 phonomes > syllable > words > sentences

10,000 words in active (average) vocabulary

135
Q

aphagias definition/general types

A

speech disorders
impaired language without affecting other cognitive fxns
impairment in ability to sue or comprehend words

  1. FLUENT can generate words, can’t comprehend
  2. NON-FLUENT can comprehend, can’t generate words
136
Q

aphasias/dyphasias (4)

A
  1. RECEPTIVE dysphasia:
    WERNICKES
    severe deficit in auditory and written COMPREHENSION
    FLUENT (many words, but is nonsense)
  2. CONDUCTION dysphasia:
    ARCUATE FASCICULUS
    good comprehension, pauses and gaps to figure out words
    FLUENT

GERSHWIND area
inability to COME UP WITH CORRECT WORDS

  1. EXPRESSIVE dysphasia:
    BROCA’S
    inability to GENERATE MOTOR CONTROL PATTERN
    know what want to say but can’t, extremely frustrating
    NON-FLUENT
  2. GLOBAL aphasia
    profound deficits in both COMPREHENSION and EXPRESSION
    entire language pathway disrupted/large areas of damage
137
Q

aprosody

A

inability to COMPREHEND or EXPRESS MEANING of EMOTIONAL EMPHASIS*

138
Q

apraxia of speech

A

difficulty initating and executing voluntary movement patterns necessary to produce speech when NO PARAYLSIS/WEAKOF SPEECH MUSCLES
= PLANNING/PROGRAMMING PROBLEM
can generate words, can’t output
kids

139
Q

dysarthrias

A

disruption of motor/musclar control due to lesions in CNS/PNS
CNS -X-> muscle
= neuromotor disorder

Hailey - Neuro (10 decks)

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