Settlements Flashcards
Situation definition and examples
Where a settlement is in relation to other key geographical features
Examples: river, forest, mountains, coast, other settlements, other main roads, borders
Settlement pattern definition
The pattern created by settlement distribution
Types of settlement? 3
Dispersed
Linear
Nucleated (clustered)
Advantages of potential site
8 reasons
Reliable water supplies Fertile land Good communications Flat land Near bridging point Exposed to sunlight Close to resources (fuel wood) Highland for defence
Disadvantages of potential site
7 reasons
Marshy land Low land No resources nearby Far from communication Far from water source No fertile soil No shelter
Settlement function definition
The main economic and social activities in that settlement. This can be multifunctional and can change over time
Examples of functions
Industrial Agricultural Educational Commercial Residential Tourist Cultural Port
CASE STUDY:
Rural settlement in MEDC
Info
Functions
Consequences of migration in and out (+-)
Urchfont, Wiltshire, UK
~17 miles east from Bath
Nucleated around joining roads, pond in the centre
Wealthy commuters and retired people
Functions: residential, tourist
+
Vibrant pub and nursery
Retired newcomers fund raise local businesses
-
Local shops, public transport closed
Not enough affordable housing
People growing up there can’t afford to stay so move out
CASE STUDY:
Rural settlement in LEDC
Situation and site
Functions
Korodegaga, Ethiopia
150km south of Addis Ababa
Functions: defence, farming, mining
Access to water
Fertile soils
Steep relief
Forests for fuel wood
Site definition and examples
The physical characteristics of land that a settlement is built on
Examples: relief, rocky, marshy, valley, hill, flat, aspect
How does the land value differ the further away from the CBD and why?
Highest at the centre and decreases as it goes outwards because there is more competition for central parts
How does the density of land use differ the further away from the CBD?
Higher density buildings are at the central part of the settlement. Low density developments around the edges
What may influence the growth of the industrial zone (factories)?
The industrial zone provides jobs so it encourages people to live near work. Having lots of communications also encourages this.
CBD:
Location
Characteristics
Functions
Located at the centre of the city
High density, expensive, vibrant, some historic/ modern spaces, busy
Commercial, educational, administrative, tourism, leisure, entertainment
Industrial zone
Location
Characteristics
Functions
Next to the CBD, sometimes along communications
High density, old parts, pollution
Industrial, commercial
Low class residential
Location
Characteristics
Functions
Next to old industrial zones
High density, some old housing, lack of space/ greenland
Residential, commercial, religious
Medium class residential (inner suburbs)
Location
Characteristics
Functions
Beyond lower class further from CBD
Semidetached, gardens, low density
Residential, commercial, leisure
Higher class residential (outer suburbs)
Locations
Characteristics
Functions
Outside the inner suburbs
Low density, desirable, larger houses with garages and gardens
Residential, commercial, leisure
Urban rural fringe
Location
Characteristics
Functions
Beyond the city limits into countryside
Green belt land, protected land
Residential, agricultural, commercial
CASE STUDY:
Redevelopment of low class residential
Why
How was it successful
Byker, Newcastle, UK
Urban decay due to unemployment
Polluted
Each house had personality, private space
Green/ recreational space
Near services and communications
What is urban decay?
Original buildings start to decay as people move out
What is urban redevelopment?
When you clear what was there and build in the new space (brownfield site)
What is urban renewal?
Improve what is already existing
Pros and cons of urban redevelopment
Pros
Works long term
New fabric of buildings (decrease decay and heat loss)
Looks more modern
Cons
Very expensive
No more identity/ history
Move away whilst it’s done
Pros and cons of urban renewal/ regeneration
Pros
Keeps historical legacy
Allows people to stay
Cons
Expensive
Temporary fix
Needs new technology, sewage, heating
CASE STUDY:
Renewal of CBD
Why
How was it successful
Newcastle Grainger Town Project
CBD if Newcastle
North to central station
Shops and offices were relocating
Decrease in population
100000m^2 floor space unused
76% buildings classified as at risk it vulnerable
Changed the functions to have a wider variety
Eg leisure, retail, tourism, residential, commercial
More jobs
The gate
CASE STUDY:
Land use of the urban rural fringe
Pros for building on it
Cons for building on it
Newcastle Great Park
It’s a green belt
Pros Generates jobs Reduces congestion Wildlife will be safe (Rangers) Job opportunity Near communications
Cons Houses will be be very expensive Meant to prevent urban sprawl Meant to have agricultural uses Brownfield sites are available
What is the green belt?
An area around an urban area that has strict planning restrictions and can’t be built on
Designed to stop urban sprawl
How has Newcastle tackled traffic congestion?
Buses? Bikes? Cars? Public transport? Pedestrians?
Bus lanes to speed up buses
Direct bus lines to CBD
Bike lanes
Secure bike parking
Rental bike schemes
Car park prices are high and spaces are limited
Public transport is cheap: have offers
Pedestrianised city centre
Brownfield site definition
An industrial area or inner city site that has been cleared for a new building development
Greenfield site
An area of land that has not been developed on previously
Greenfield site
Pros (4)
Cons to build on it (4)
Pros Site has no pollution No cleaning saves money Land is cheap Can plan freely without restrictions
Cons
Urban sprawl
Environmental problems
Cost of new sewage, gas, electricity systems is expensive
Brownfield site
Pros (5)
Cons to build on it (3)
Pros Already using existing land Easier to get planning permission Stops urban sprawl Existing sewage, gas, electricity systems Site is closer to CBD
Cons
Cost for pollution clean up is expensive
Restricted by existing infrastructure
Cos of land is expensive
CASE STUDY:
Urban sprawl
Why did Atlanta grow (3)
Problems of rapid growth (5)
Solution
Atlanta, USA
Capital city of Georgia state
added 1 million in 6 years
Natural increase and mostly immigration
Cost of living is cheaper
Job opportunities
Mostly came from Great Lakes
Traffic congestion Air/ water pollution Lack of open spaces Water contamination Deforestation
Belt line
- stops urban sprawl
Urbanisation definition
A process which sees an increasing proportion of people living in urban areas in a country
CASE STUDY:
LEDC urbanisation
Why is it urbanising
Push factors from where they come from (5)
Pull factors to the place (3)
Lima, Peru
Rural to urban migration
Natural increase
Push away from home E.g. Sierra (mountains) - steep relief/ high altitude - poor communications - natural hazards - bad weather for crops/ infertile soils - low employment
Pull to Lima… perception of:
- better standard of living
- healthcare/ education/ housing/ job
- reliable food source
CASE STUDY:
Managing rapid urbanisation
How does it work
How can it improve (4)
Successes (4)
Problems
Lima, Peru
Villa to Salvador
Give squatters legal rights
Plots of land allocated
Build their own house and pay rent
Already have sewage, sanitation, water, electricity systems and materials
Can improve: Road links to Lima Build schools Street lights Medical care
Successes: Recreational space Litter is easily collected (gridded roads) Sustainable power supply Sense of community
Problems:
Still squatter settlements
Can’t afford the site and services scheme
Can’t pay rent
CASE STUDY:
Problems with rapid urbanisation
Housing
Land pollution
Water pollution
Air pollution
Cairo, Egypt
Housing
- squatter housing
- on farmland, rooves, graveyards
- have satellite towns
Land pollution
- squatter settlements have no litter disposal system
- rotting rubbish
- have a litter disposal system
Water pollution
- leaky sewers
- waste being illegally dumped by factories
- too many people means lots o’ 💩
- Cairo Waste Water Management programme
Air pollution
- fuels used at homes, workplaces
- congestion
- old, inefficient cars
- Cairo Air Improvement Project
