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gcse Geography > Coasts > Flashcards

Coasts Flashcards

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1
Q

Fetch

A

Distance of open water which the wind can travel and transfer its energy to the surface of the water

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2
Q

Swash

A

As the water breaks from the wave and moves up the beach

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3
Q

Backwash

A

The drawing back of water down the beach due to gravity

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4
Q

Erosion

A

The wearing away and removal of rock

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5
Q

Types of erosion (5)

A 
Hydraulic pressure
Wave pounding
Corrosion
Corrasion/ abrasion
Attrition
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6
Q

Hydraulic pressure

A

When air is trapped and compressed in a crack or gap in a cliff/ rock by a breaking wave

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7
Q

Wave pounding

A

The breaking of waves hits the foot of cliffs generating shock waves up to 30 tonnes

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8
Q

Corrasion/ abrasion

A

He wearing away of the cliff by sand and boulders hurled at them by the waves

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9
Q

Attrition

A

Rocks and boulders eroded from the cliff are broken down and rounded

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10
Q

Corrosion

A

The dissolving of rock by seawater that’s causes the rock to disintegrate

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11
Q

Weathering

A

Where rock is broken down in situ by natural processes

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12
Q

Types of weathering (3)

A

Physical
Chemical
Biological

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13
Q

Mass movement

A

When material moves down a slope due to the pull of gravity

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14
Q

Types of mass movement (2)

A

Soil creep

Slumping

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15
Q

Types of waves (2)

A

Destructive

Constructive

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16
Q

What are destructive waves (5)

A 
Big strong waves
Created by powerful wind, storms (long fetch)
Erodes the coast 
Stronger backwash that swash
High/ steep height, short wave length
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17
Q

What are constructive waves (5)

A 
Not powerful waves
Created by calm weather
Builds up beaches
Stronger swash than backwash
Low height, long wavelength
18
Q

Types of physical weathering (2)

A

Exfoliation

Freeze-thaw

19
Q

What is exfoliation

A

A type of physical weathering

Rock structure is weakened by the heating and cooling of rock on the surface which then falls off

20
Q

What is freeze-thaw

A

A type of physical weathering

Rock structure is weakened by water freezing and expanding and then melting in cracks of rock

21
Q

What is chemical weathering

A

Acid rain either causes a chemical reaction or dissolves the structure to make the rock soluble so it is more easily broken down

22
Q

Three types of biological weathering

A

Burrowing creatures break down structure of rock

Acids from bird/ animal excrement can chemically weather rock

Plants/ tree roots can break apart rock

23
Q

What affects the rate of coastal erosion (5)

A 
Type of wave
Geology
Fetch
Weather/ season
Rate of weathering
24
Q

Erosion of a headland process

A

All due to wave pounding, hydraulic pressure and corrasion

Cave
Arch —> gets taller, top gets thinner, collapses
Stack
Stump

25
Q

Formation of sea cliffs (4)

A

Waves erode at wave attack zone creating a wave cut notch
Overhang is unstable/ unsupported
Creates a wave cut platform and rock pools
Cliff retreats

26
Q

How does the sea transport material?

A

Long shore drift

27
Q

What is long shore drift

A

The movement of material up the beach due to the angle of the waves

Direction of waves/ swash is due to the direction of prevailing winds
Backwash us directly downwards due to gravity

28
Q

What is a spit + example

A

Beach material that has extended past the mainland

Spurn Point, Holderness Coast

29
Q

How are spits formed (3 steps)

A

Coastline has changed direction but direction of long shore drift stays the same

Material continues moving in the direction of longshore drift

Spit curves fur to secondary wind

30
Q

What is a bar

A

When material is deposited and connected to another headland due to the direction of long shore drift and change in direction of the coastline

31
Q

What is a tombolo

A

When the deposition is extended to an island due to direction of longshore drift and change in direction of the coastline

32
Q

How are sand dunes formed (5)

A

Long stretch of sand generates constructive waves which deposit sand and pebbles

Onshore wind blows dried sand inland

Obstacles such as pebbles and small plants are covered by the sand

Sand is eroded from windward side and deposited on leeward side of dunes

Dunes move inland

33
Q

Uses of sand dunes (5)

A 
Leisure
Tourism
Education
Off road driving
Conservation
34
Q

Case study of a place that attempts to restore sand dunes

A

Tynemouth Longsands

35
Q

Case study for a place that manages coastal erosion

A

Holderness Coast

Mappleton-Rock armour for
Easington- Rock armour, large artificial platform

36
Q

Why save mappleton from coastal erosion (4)

A

Tourist destination
Main road to coastline
Businesses
Houses

37
Q

Why save Easington from coastal erosion (1)

A

Gas pipes from North Sea bring 25% national gas

38
Q

Positives from saving Mappleton and Easington from coastal erosion (5)

A 
Businesses are secure
Residents have secure homes 
Employment at gas terminal
People get gas
Still tourism on beach
39
Q

Negatives from saving Mappleton and Easington from coastal erosion

A

More erosion in areas without defence such as small farms and villages
Spurnhead is starved from beach material

40
Q

Types of mass movement

A

Soil creep

Slumping

41
Q

What is soil creep

A

Very slow movement due to gravity pulling on water stored In Soil

42
Q

What is slumping

A

Larger scale faster mass movement.
Dry clays contract and crack so water fills these gaps and get absorbed
Becomes weak and unstable so slip down the cliff due to gravity

gcse Geography (9 decks)

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