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gcse Geography > Population > Flashcards

Population Flashcards

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1
Q

What is natural change?

A

Difference between birth and death rates

Birth rate - number of babies born per thousand per year

Death rate - number of deaths per thousand per year

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2
Q

What is fertility rate?

A

The AVERAGE number of babies a woman is expected to have in a given country

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3
Q

What is infant mortality rate? (IMR)

A

The number of infant DEATHS per thousand OF BABIES per year

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4
Q

Why do populations change over time?

4 reasons

A

Migration
Natural change
Fertility rate
Infant mortality rate

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5
Q

Equation for natural change

A

Overall population change = birth rate - death rate + net migration / 10

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6
Q

Factors affecting birth rates

8 reasons

A

Employment structure (children on farms)

Contraception

Religion (opposing contraception)

Status of women

Population policies (pro/ anti)

Marriage (choice and age of marriage)

Career aspirations (delay marriage)

No family planning

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7
Q

Factors affecting death rates

5 reasons

A

Population structure (elderly => high death rate)

Disease

Hygiene (access to clean water, sewage systems)

Climate (bad for crops, predators, insects with disease)

Medical care

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8
Q

CASE STUDY:

place with a rapidly growing population

Why so much population

Positives and negatives

A

Niger

North west of Africa
Caused by high fertility and birth rates and lowering death rates
Fertility rate: 7.1 births per woman

+ more people to help on farms
More people to look after elderly

  • pressure on resources
    Lots o’ competition for land to grow crops –> soil degradation
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9
Q

CASE STUDY:

Place where there are diseases

What diseases

Why so much disease

Problems

A

Swaziland
HIV + AIDS

Life expectancy: 50 years
HIV: 1 in 4 adults (31% women, 20% men)
Doctor:Patient 2:10,000

Religion - opposes contraception (need to be
faithful)
- low status of women (polygomy)
- men are unfaithful and spreading
disease
- limited education (witchcraft)

Everyone dies - high birth rates (39% under 14)
- kids have no parents or ill
parents to look after
- no income so they starve and
die from disease

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10
Q

Population policies:

Pro and anti definitions

A

Pro - a policy which encourages births

Anti - a policy which opposes/ discourages births

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11
Q

CASE STUDY:

Place where there is an anti-natal policy

How did this happen

How does it work

Pros cons

A

China (duhhhhhhhh)
One child policy

Introduced in 1979
Started with pro-natal got a bit out of hand (mass famine, unemployment, everyone dies etc.)

Incentives - first born gets free healthcare,
education, social status, state
job
Enforced - pay back what they claim from first
baby if they get second baby
- human rights violations (forced
abortions, sterilisations

+ reduced overpopulation problem
Less pressure on resources
Less danger of epidemics spreading
Reduced to 1.5 births per woman in 2011

  • culturally insensitive
    Female children abandoned
    Gender imbalance
    Ageing population
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12
Q

What is migration?

A

The movement of people from one place to another

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13
Q

CASE STUDY:

Place where there is overpopulation

Problems

A

Nigeria

Takes 3% of Africa’s land but 15% Africa’s population
29% of under 5s underweight

Low standard of living
–> no food water education healthcare

Signs of overpopulation:

  • not enough housing
  • high crime rates (unemployment)
  • pressure on healthcare/ education
  • congested roads
  • lack of food and water
  • water/ air pollution
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14
Q

CASE STUDY:

Place where there is underpopulation

Problems

Methods to solve problem

A

Australia

Large area, few people
Lots of desert so no one wants to live there

Problems caused by migrants

  • water shortages
  • lots of languages
  • open spaces are crowded

Solving underpopulation

  • relax visa rules
  • jobs available –> expands economy
  • give benefits to children –> increase birth rates
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15
Q

Overpopulation definition

A

Too many people in relation to the RESOURCES AVAILABLE which result in a DECREASE in STANDARD OF LIVING

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16
Q

Underpopulation definition

A

When resources are UNDER-UTILISED and standards of living could improve by having more people

17
Q

Optimum population definition

A

MAXIMUM STANDARD OF LIVING have been attained, there is a balance between population and resources

18
Q

Why is the demographic transition model (DTM) useful?

A

Can use it to predict stages of socio-economic development of countries and plan ahead

19
Q

CASE STUDY:

Place where there is population decline

Why

Solutions?

A

Russia

Fertility rate: 1.1 per woman
Over 1 million have HIV + TB

High death rates

  • -> lots of alcoholism, heart disease, HIV, TB
  • -> low life expectancy

Low birth rates
–> Russian women prefer career to children

More emigration than immigration

Solution: monthly child support payments double

20
Q

Dependency ratio equation

A

= %of under 15 + %of over 65
_____________________________x100
% 15 - 64

21
Q

Why is the dependency ratio not accurate in MEDCs

A

Only allowed to work at 17

Still work at 67

22
Q

Why is the dependency ratio for LEDCs not accurate

A

Under 15s work

Elderly don’t retire

23
Q

CASE STUDY:

Place where there is a youthful population

Why is it very youthful

Problems caused by youthful

Solving youthful problems

A

The Gambia

Birth rate: 40 per 1000 per year
Infant mortality rate: 43 per 1000 per year
Dependency ratio: 100:92.3 dependent

High birth rate

  • low status of women (polygomy)
  • religion opposes contraception
  • more children are expected to die
    • -> high IMR (low sanitation + healthcare)

Problems

  • families can’t support so many children
  • pressure on resources
  • more trees cut down for fuel wood
  • bad for economy

Solutions

  • decrease price of contraception
  • awareness of contraception
  • improve sanitation and healthcare
24
Q

CASE STUDY:

Place where there is an ageing population

Positives

Negatives

Solutions

A

UK, East Devon

+ good for local businesses
Unpaid voluntary work
Greypound have disposable income to donate

  • pressure on healthcare/ care homes/ pensions/ carers/ doctors/ transport
    –> economically active are taxed more
    Changes in housing costs money
    Skill shortages
    No youthful people

Increase tax for pensions
Healthy diets
Increase tax for house developments

25
Q

What is population density?

A

The number of people living in a given area

26
Q

Benefits of a dot map

A

Shows patterns effectively

Easy to interpret

27
Q

Why might dot maps be misleading

A

The scale might not fit the population of an area

28
Q

What is population distribution

A

The PATTERN of how people are spread out across an area

29
Q

What is the population distribution of our planet

A

Uneven

30
Q

What affects population density

7 reasons

A 
Communications
Relief of land
Reliable water supplies
Fertility of soil
Employment
Climate 
Natural resources
31
Q

CASE STUDY:

Place where there is low population density

Stats

Why

A

Namibia

50% people farm
5.4 people per km^2

Low communications
Arid climate
Unreliable water supply

gcse Geography (9 decks)

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