Set 6

Question 1

The protein derived from what gene serves as a transcription factor for the development and function of regulatory T cells? Mutation in this gene will result in what syndrome?

Answer 1

FOXP3
Found on the x chromosome
Codes for Forkhead Box Protein P3
Important for self-tolerance
Absence has been implicated in autoimmune diseases

IPEX syndrome
Immunodysregulation polyendocrinopathy enteropathy X-linked syndrome
Due to a mutation in FOXP3 (master regulator of the regulatory T cell lineage)

Question 2

Where would you expect to find B cells in a lymph node? Where would you find T cells, plasma cells, and macrophages?

Answer 2

B cells - in the cortex in the follicle
T cells - paracortex (between follicle and medulla)
Plasma cells - medullary cords
Macrophages - medullary sinus

Question 3

What important intracellular proteins are common to both the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways?

Answer 3

Activation of cytosolic caspases that mediate cellular breakdown

Question 4

What is the female homologue to each of the following male structures?

Corpus spongiosum
Cowper’s glands (bulbourethral glands)
Prostate
Glans penis
Ventral penile shaft
Scrotum

Answer 4

Corpus spongiosum - vestibular bulbs
Cowper’s glands (bulbourethral glands) - greater vestibular glands
Prostate - urethral and paraurethral glands (of skene)
Glans penis - glans clitoris
Ventral penile shaft - labia minora
Scrotum - labia majora

Question 5

What amino acids are necessary for purine synthesis?

Answer 5

GAG - Glycine, Aspartate, Glutamine

Question 6

What ratio indicates fetal lung maturity? What is the proper name for the main component of pulmonary surfactant?

Answer 6

Lecithin-to-sphingomyelin ration > 2:1 in amniotic fluid indicates fetal lung maturity
Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine

Question 7

What nutrient deficiency is associated with spooning of the nails (koilonychia)?

Answer 7

Iron deficiency

Question 8

You start a patient on a drug that has been on the market for five years. It has excellent efficacy. However, your patient begins to have an annoying side effect one month after initiation of this drug. She contacts the manufacturer about it; and they, in turn, contact you to gather data on her course while on the drug. In what phase of the clinical trial would this example fall?

Answer 8

Phase IV

Question 9

Which bacteria are well known for being obligate intracellular bacteria? Why can’t these bacteria replicate extracellularly?

Answer 9

Chlamydia and Rickettsia

Can’t make own ATP

Question 10

What is the equation for determining a drug’s clearance?

Answer 10

Clearance = rate of elimination of drug/plasma drug concentration = Vd x Ke (elimination constant)

Clearance (CL) = (0.7 x Vd) / (t1/2)