Set 15 Flashcards
What are the carpal bones of the wrist?
Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can’t Handle (start radial and proximal)
Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform, Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate
A 6-year-old boy is receiving poor grades in school. His teachers and parents report that he has normal intelligence but that he is very distractible and full of excess energy. What medications might help this boy?
ADHD (symptoms must be present before age 12!)
Methylphenidate, amphetamines, atomoxetine, behavioral interventions (reinforcement, reward)
Why is diphenhydramine (Benadryl) a poor medication choice in the elderly and in those with BPH?
Antihistamine with anticholinergic SE: delirium, confusion, urinary retention, disrupts normal sleep architecture
On which cells would you find CD4 molecules? On which cells would you find CD8 molecules? What actions do the CD8+ cells accomplish?
CD4 - Helper T cells
CD 8 - Cytotoxic T cells, binds MHCI on virus-infected cells
Kills virus infected, neoplastic, and donor graft cells by inducing apoptosis
Release cytotoxic granules containing preformed proteins (perforin - helps to deliver the content of granules into target cell; granzyme B - a serine protease, activates apoptosis inside target cell; granulysin - antimicrobial, induces apoptosis)
What breast pathology fits each of the following descriptions?
Most common breast tumor in women under 25
Fibroadenoma - benign breast tumor. A small, mobile, firm mass with sharp edges. Most common tumor in those <35 years old. Increase size and tenderness with increased estrogen (pregnancy, prior to menstruation). Not a precursor to breast cancer.
What breast pathology fits each of the following descriptions?
Most common breast mass in postmenopausal women
Invasive ductal - firm, fibrous “rock hard” mass with sharp margins and small, glandular, duct-like cells. Grossly, see classic “stellate” infiltration. Worst and most invasive. Most common (76%).
What breast pathology fits each of the following descriptions?
Most common breast mass in premenopausal women
Fibrocystic changes of the breast. Proliferative breast disease. Presents with premenstrual breast pain and multiple lesions, often bilateral. Fluctuation in size of mass. Usually does not indicate increased risk of carcinoma.
What breast pathology fits each of the following descriptions?
Most common form of breast cancer
Invasive ductal - firm, fibrous “rock hard” mass with sharp margins and small, glandular, duct-like cells. Grossly, see classic “stellate” infiltration. Worst and most invasive. Most common (76%).
Clopidogrel (Plavix) and ticlopidine are commonly used after an MI or cardiac catheterization with stent placement. What is the mechanism of these drugs?
ADA receptor inhibitors (Clopidogrel, ticlopidine, prasugrel, ticagrelor)
Inhibit platelet aggregation by irreversibly blocking ADP receptors on platelets. Inhibit fibrinogen binding by preventing glycoprotein IIb/IIIa from binding to fibrinogen.
What are some of the signs and symptoms of pericarditis?
Sharp pleuritic chest pain, aggravated by inspiration and relieved by sitting up and leaning forward. Presents with friction rub (scratchy leathery sound that doesn’t coincide with any part of the cardiac cycle). ECG changes include widespread ST-segment elevation and or/PR depression. Decreased capacity of RV - fluid backs up - JVD. Constrictive pericarditis - Kussmaul sign = JVD that occurs with inspiration (normally decreases intrathoracic pressure so that blood from SVC flows into RA and then RV. If constricted - that blood won’t fill the heart)
What common over-the-counter medication is used to remove excess thick sputum by stimulating the vagus nerve to generate low viscosity secretions in the bronchial tree?
Guaifenesin - mucolytic - makes mucus thinner; does not suppress cough reflex
Preventive vaccines have been developed for which encapsulated bacteria? What test can be used to detect encapsulated bacteria?
Streptococcus pneumonia
Haemophilus influenza type B
Neisseria meningitidis
Test: add serum that contains anticapsular antibodies, look for Quellung reaction (capsule appears to swell in response to antibodies)
A 30-year-old Asian woman presents to the clinic with a variety of complaints. Upon completion of your exam, you suspect Takayasu arteritis. What symptoms does this patient likely have?
Lightheadedness Headache Vision problems Arm claudication Diminished pulses int the arms
