Set 5 - Psych-Socio Quizlet Export

Question 1

Analogies

Answer 1

Allow a new problem to be reduced to a previously known problem, where prior knowledge of how to determine the solution can be applied.

Question 2

Trial and Error Method

Answer 2

Method of problem solving characterized by repeated, unsystematic attempts to solve a problem until the desired outcome is achieved.

Question 3

Heuristics

Answer 3

Mental shortcuts or “rules of thumb” that often lead to a solution (but not always).

Question 4

Intuition

Answer 4

Personal perception or feeling used to solve a problem (as opposed to logic).

Question 5

Belief Perseverance

Answer 5

People hold on to their initial beliefs, even when rational argument would suggest they are incorrect.

Question 6

Overconfidence

Answer 6

An example of belief perseverance. Information that should logically undermine confidence to some extent is overlooked.

Question 7

Emotion

Answer 7

A multifaceted experience that is connected to thought, physiology, and behavior.

Question 8

Cognitive (Emotion)

Answer 8

A component of emotion that includes a personal assessment of the significance of the particular situation, which leads to the subjective experience of the emotion.

Question 9

Physiological (Emotion)

Answer 9

A component of emotion associated with activation of the autonomic nervous system.

Question 10

Behavioral (Emotion)

Answer 10

A component of emotion that occurs when emotion leads to urges to act in a certain way and thereby leads to actions.

Question 11

Limbic System

Answer 11

Connects the hypothalamus with structures in the temporal lobe.

Question 12

Autonomic Nervous System

Answer 12

The part of the nervous system responsible for control of the bodily functions that are not consciously directed, such as breathing, the heartbeat, and digestive processes.

Question 13

Amygdala

Answer 13

Part of the limbic system, responsible for the emotional reactions of fear and anger.

Question 14

Prefrontal Cortex

Answer 14

Part of the limbic system, involved in conscious regulation of emotional states.

Question 15

Hypothalamus

Answer 15

Part of the limbic system, regulates the autonomic nervous system’s sympathetic and parasympathetic functions.

Question 16

James-Lange Theory of Emotion

Answer 16

Theory of emotion that states that people experience emotion because they perceive their bodies’ physiological responses to external events.

Question 17

Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion

Answer 17

Theory of emotion that states that the experience of emotion happens at the same time that physiological arousal happens.

Question 18

Schacter-Singer Theory of Emotion

Answer 18

Theory of emotion that stats that people’s experience of emotion depends on two factors: physiological arousal and the cognitive interpretation of that arousal. When people perceive physiological symptoms of arousal, they look for an environmental explanation of this arousal. The label people give an emotion depends on what they find in their environment.

Question 19

Motivation

Answer 19

A psychological factor that provides a directional force or reason for behavior.

Question 20

Instinct

Answer 20

A biological, innate tendency to perform a certain behavior that leads to the fulfillment of a need.

Question 21

Arousal

Answer 21

Physiological and psychological tension.

Question 22

Drives

Answer 22

Urges to perform certain behaviors in order to resolve physiological arousal.

Question 23

Negative Feedback System

Answer 23

A reaction that causes a decrease in function in response to some kind of stimulus.

Question 24

Drive Reduction Theory

Answer 24

A theory that states that people are motivated to take action in order to lessen the state of arousal caused by a physiological need.

Question 25

Incentive Theory

Answer 25

A theory that states that people are motivated by external rewards.

Question 26

Cognitive Theories of Motivation

Answer 26

Theories that suggest that people behave based on their expectations. People behave in a way that they predict will yield the most favorable outcome.

Question 27

Need-Based Theories of Motivation

Answer 27

Theories that state that people are motivated by the desire to fulfill unmet needs (Maslow’s hierarchy of needs).

Question 28

Affective Component (Attitude)

Answer 28

A person’s feelings or emotions about an object, person, or event.

Question 29

Behavioral Component (Attitude)

Answer 29

The influence that attitudes have on behavior.

Question 30

Cognitive Component (Attitude)

Answer 30

Beliefs or knowledge about a specific object of interest.

Question 31

Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon

Answer 31

People are more likely to agree to a large request if they first agree to a smaller one.

Question 32

Cognitive Dissonance

Answer 32

The conflict or inconsistency between internal attitudes and external behaviors.

Question 33

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

Answer 33

Theory that people have an inherent desire to avoid the internal discomfort associated with a mismatch between attitudes and behaviors.

Question 34

Elaboration Likelihood Model

Answer 34

A dual process theory model of persuasion, describing the interaction between an argument and relevant psychological factors of the person who receives the argument.

Question 35

Peripheral Route Processing

Answer 35

One of the ELM routes. Occurs when a listener decides whether to agree with the message based on other cues besides the strength of the arguments or ideas in the message.

Question 36

Central Route Processing

Answer 36

One of the ELM routes. Occurs when a listener is persuaded by the arguments or the content of the message

Question 37

Factors Affecting Attitude Change

Answer 37

Behavior change (foot-in-the-door, role-playing), characteristics of the message (strong, persuasive argument is better than a weaker one), characteristics of the target, social factors.

Question 38

Stress

Answer 38

The strain that is experienced when an organism’s equilibrium is disrupted and it must adapt.

Question 39

Stressor

Answer 39

Source of stress.

Question 40

Cognitive Appraisals

Answer 40

Personal interpretations of the situations that trigger stress.

Question 41

Physiological Fight-or-Flight Response

Answer 41

The sympathetic division of the ANS releases adrenaline and noradrenaline, adrenal glands release the same chemicals as a hormonal response, adrenal glands release cortisol (increases blood glucose).

Question 42

Regulatory Genes

Answer 42

Genes that are involved in controlling the expression of one or more other genes.

Question 43

Adaptive Values

Answer 43

The extent to which genes contribute to survival in a given environment.

Question 44

Sensation

Answer 44

The conversion of physical stimuli into electrical signals that are transferred through the nervous system by neurons.

Question 45

Perception

Answer 45

The use of sensory information and pre-existing knowledge to create a functional representation of the world.

Question 46

Absolute Threshold

Answer 46

The lowest intensity of a stimulus that can be sensed.

Question 47

Difference Threshold

Answer 47

The smallest difference that is sufficient for a change in stimulus to be noticed

Question 48

Weber’s Law

Answer 48

The change required to meet the difference threshold is a certain fraction of the originally presented stimulus.

Question 49

Signal Detection Theory

Answer 49

Theory that focuses on how an organism differentiates important stimuli (signals) from meaningless stimuli (noise) in an environment where the distinction is ambiguous.

Question 50

Attention

Answer 50

Selects sensory information for perceptual processing.

Question 51

Selective Attention

Answer 51

The focus of attention on one particular stimulus or task at the exclusion of other stimuli.