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MCAT Psycology and Sociology > Set 2 - Psych-Socio Quizlet Export > Flashcards

Set 2 - Psych-Socio Quizlet Export Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

A test subject develops a response to a previously neutral stimulus by associating the stimulus with another stimulus that already elicited that response (Pavlov).

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2
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus

A

A stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response (food [US] –> salivation [UR]).

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3
Q

Unconditioned Response

A

A behavior that occurs naturally due to a given stimulus (food [US] –> salivation [UR]).

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4
Q

Neutral Stimulus

A

A stimulus eliciting no response.

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5
Q

Conditioned Stimulus

A

A previously neutral stimulus that, after repeated association with an unconditioned stimulus, elicits the response produced by the unconditioned stimulus itself (bell [CS] –> salivation [CR]).

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6
Q

Conditioned Response

A

An automatic response established by training to an ordinarily neutral stimulus (bell [CS] –> salivation [CR]).

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7
Q

Acquisition

A

The stage of learning over which a conditioned response to a new stimulus is established.

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8
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

The reappearance of the conditioned response after a period of lessened response.

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9
Q

Extinction

A

Disappearance of the conditioned response.

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10
Q

Stimulus Generalization

A

The tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus.

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11
Q

Stimulus Discrimination

A

The learned lack of response to a stimulus similar to the conditioned stimulus.

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12
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

A type of associative learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior (Skinner).

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13
Q

Reinforcement

A

A consequence that increases the likelihood of a behavior.

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14
Q

Punishment

A

A consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behavior.

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15
Q

Positive Reinforcement/Punishment

A

Increasing/decreasing the likelihood of a behavior by introducing a stimulus.

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16
Q

Negative Reinforcement/Punishment

A

Increasing/decreasing the likelihood of a behavior by removing a stimulus.

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17
Q

Primary Reinforcer/Punisher

A

Stimuli that relate to a physiological need and drive for survival (food, drink, pleasure).

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18
Q

Secondary (Conditioned) Reinforcer/Punisher

A

Stimuli that require learning/social context (money, praise, prestige, fines, scolding, ostracism).

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19
Q

Escape Conditioning

A

Learning in which the learned behavior allows the subject to escape the unpleasant stimulus.

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20
Q

Avoidance Conditioning

A

Learning in which the learned behavior allows the subject to avoid the stimulus altogether by employing a specific response.

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21
Q

Reinforcement Schedule

A

Describes how often and under what conditions a behavior is reinforced.

22
Q

Partial/Intermittent Reinforcement

A

Reinforcment is only given some of the time when the behavior occurs.

23
Q

Fixed Ratio

A

A type of partial reinforcement. Rewards are provided after a specified number of responses.

24
Q

Variable Ratio

A

A type of partial reinforcement. Rewards are provided after an unpredictable number of responses.

25
Q

Fixed Interval

A

A type of partial reinforcement. Rewards are provided after a specified time interval has passed.

26
Q

Variable Interval

A

A type of partial reinforcement. Rewards are provided after a unpredictable time interval has passed.

27
Q

Shaping

A

Method of operant conditioning that shifts behavior toward a certain response by reinforcing successive approximations toward the desired behavior.

28
Q

Innate Behaviors

A

Behaviors that are developmentally fixed.

29
Q

Observational Learning

A

Learning that occurs through observing the behavior of others.

30
Q

Modeling

A

Learning that consists of witnessing another person’s actions, retaining information on that behavior, and re-enacting what was learned.

31
Q

Mirror Neurons

A

Specialized nerve cells that fire when a person is completing an action and when the person observes someone else completing the same action.

32
Q

Vicarious Emotions

A

Feeling the emotions of others as though they are one’s own.

33
Q

Behavior

A

The sum coordinated responses of organisms to the internal and external stimuli they experience.

34
Q

Verbal Communication

A

The sharing of information between individuals by using speech.

35
Q

Nonverbal Communication

A

All communication between people that does not involve words.

36
Q

Animal Signals

A

Vocalizations, the use of visual stimuli, touch, and smell for communication.

37
Q

Social Behavior

A

All interactions taking place between members of the same species.

38
Q

Attraction

A

Factors that draw members of a species together.

39
Q

Aggression

A

Conflict and competition between individuals.

40
Q

Attachment

A

Forming relationships between individuals.

41
Q

Social Support

A

Finding help through social connections.

42
Q

Foraging Behavior

A

The set of behavior through which animals obtain food.

43
Q

Mating Behavior

A

The behavior surrounding propagation of a species through reproduction.

44
Q

Altruism

A

Behaviors that are disadvantageous to the individual acting, but confer benefits to other members of its social group.

45
Q

Inclusive Fitness

A

Overall fitness based on the individual’s own progeny and the offspring of its close relatives.

46
Q

Game Theory

A

The use of mathematical models to represent complex decision making in which the actions of other group members must be taken into account.

47
Q

Group

A

A set of individuals who interact with each other and share some elements of identity.

48
Q

Network

A

Connections through a web of weaker social interactions outside of group-specific interactions.

49
Q

Organization

A

A collection of individuals joining together to coordinate their interactions toward a specific purpose.

50
Q

Role

A

Part a person plays in a social interaction.

MCAT Psycology and Sociology (6 decks)

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