Set 2 - Psych-Socio Quizlet Export Flashcards
Classical Conditioning
A test subject develops a response to a previously neutral stimulus by associating the stimulus with another stimulus that already elicited that response (Pavlov).
Unconditioned Stimulus
A stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response (food [US] –> salivation [UR]).
Unconditioned Response
A behavior that occurs naturally due to a given stimulus (food [US] –> salivation [UR]).
Neutral Stimulus
A stimulus eliciting no response.
Conditioned Stimulus
A previously neutral stimulus that, after repeated association with an unconditioned stimulus, elicits the response produced by the unconditioned stimulus itself (bell [CS] –> salivation [CR]).
Conditioned Response
An automatic response established by training to an ordinarily neutral stimulus (bell [CS] –> salivation [CR]).
Acquisition
The stage of learning over which a conditioned response to a new stimulus is established.
Spontaneous Recovery
The reappearance of the conditioned response after a period of lessened response.
Extinction
Disappearance of the conditioned response.
Stimulus Generalization
The tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus.
Stimulus Discrimination
The learned lack of response to a stimulus similar to the conditioned stimulus.
Operant Conditioning
A type of associative learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior (Skinner).
Reinforcement
A consequence that increases the likelihood of a behavior.
Punishment
A consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behavior.
Positive Reinforcement/Punishment
Increasing/decreasing the likelihood of a behavior by introducing a stimulus.
Negative Reinforcement/Punishment
Increasing/decreasing the likelihood of a behavior by removing a stimulus.
Primary Reinforcer/Punisher
Stimuli that relate to a physiological need and drive for survival (food, drink, pleasure).
Secondary (Conditioned) Reinforcer/Punisher
Stimuli that require learning/social context (money, praise, prestige, fines, scolding, ostracism).
Escape Conditioning
Learning in which the learned behavior allows the subject to escape the unpleasant stimulus.
Avoidance Conditioning
Learning in which the learned behavior allows the subject to avoid the stimulus altogether by employing a specific response.
Reinforcement Schedule
Describes how often and under what conditions a behavior is reinforced.
Partial/Intermittent Reinforcement
Reinforcment is only given some of the time when the behavior occurs.
Fixed Ratio
A type of partial reinforcement. Rewards are provided after a specified number of responses.
Variable Ratio
A type of partial reinforcement. Rewards are provided after an unpredictable number of responses.
Fixed Interval
A type of partial reinforcement. Rewards are provided after a specified time interval has passed.
Variable Interval
A type of partial reinforcement. Rewards are provided after a unpredictable time interval has passed.
Shaping
Method of operant conditioning that shifts behavior toward a certain response by reinforcing successive approximations toward the desired behavior.
Innate Behaviors
Behaviors that are developmentally fixed.
Observational Learning
Learning that occurs through observing the behavior of others.
Modeling
Learning that consists of witnessing another person’s actions, retaining information on that behavior, and re-enacting what was learned.
Mirror Neurons
Specialized nerve cells that fire when a person is completing an action and when the person observes someone else completing the same action.
Vicarious Emotions
Feeling the emotions of others as though they are one’s own.
Behavior
The sum coordinated responses of organisms to the internal and external stimuli they experience.
Verbal Communication
The sharing of information between individuals by using speech.
Nonverbal Communication
All communication between people that does not involve words.
Animal Signals
Vocalizations, the use of visual stimuli, touch, and smell for communication.
Social Behavior
All interactions taking place between members of the same species.
Attraction
Factors that draw members of a species together.
Aggression
Conflict and competition between individuals.
Attachment
Forming relationships between individuals.
Social Support
Finding help through social connections.
Foraging Behavior
The set of behavior through which animals obtain food.
Mating Behavior
The behavior surrounding propagation of a species through reproduction.
Altruism
Behaviors that are disadvantageous to the individual acting, but confer benefits to other members of its social group.
Inclusive Fitness
Overall fitness based on the individual’s own progeny and the offspring of its close relatives.
Game Theory
The use of mathematical models to represent complex decision making in which the actions of other group members must be taken into account.
Group
A set of individuals who interact with each other and share some elements of identity.
Network
Connections through a web of weaker social interactions outside of group-specific interactions.
Organization
A collection of individuals joining together to coordinate their interactions toward a specific purpose.
Role
Part a person plays in a social interaction.
