Session 7 - UTI Flashcards
Outline the three main defences against UTI
- Regular flushing during voiding
- Length of urethra
- Antibacterial secretions into urine
What does regular flushing during voiding do to help avoid UTIs?
• Removes organisms in distal urethra
Outline four host factors which predispose to UTI
- Short urethra - More infections in female
- Obstruction
- Neurological - Incomplete emptying, residual urine
- Ureteric reflex - Ascending infection from bladder, especially in children
Give four ways obstructions occur in the urethra
- Enlarged prostate
- Pregnancy
- Stones
- Tumours
Outline five bacterial factors which predispose micro-organisms to urinary tract infection
- Fimbriae allow attachment to host epithelium
- Faecal flora migrate across periurtheral area
- K antigen permits production of polysaccharide capsule
- Haemolysins damage host membranes and cause renal damage
Urease breaks down urea creating a favourable environment for bacterial growth
What bacteria types commonly cause UTI’s?
• Gram -‘ve bacteria
What is the commonest type of UTI?
• An infection of the lower tract - Cystitis
What is the most common cause of UTIs?
• Migration of e.coli from faecal flora across peri-urethral area
What can cause upper UTI’s?
- Haematogeneous (blood borne) or ascending routes of infection
- Upper UTI (pyelonephritis)
Give three types of lower UTI
- Bacterial cystitis
- Abacterial cystitis
- Prostatitis
Give main symptoms of bacterial cystitis
• Frequency and dysuria, often with pyuria and haematuria
Give main symptoms of abacterial cystitis
• Frequency and dysuria, often with pyuria and haematuria
How could you tell the difference between bacterial and abacterial cystitis?
• Bacterial cystitis will be coupled with a bacteraemia
Give main symptoms of prostatitis
Fever, dysuria, frequency with perineal and lower back pain
Give two types of upper UTI’s
Acute pyelonephritis
Chronic interstitial nephritis
What are symptoms of acute pyelonephritis
- Symptoms of cystitis
* Fever and loin pain
What are symptoms of chronic interstitial nephritis
Renal impairment following chronic inflammation - infection one of many causes
What is an asymptomatic UTI?
- Covert Bacteriuria
* Detected only by culture
Give two examples of when an asymtpomatic UTI would be important?
Pregnancy
Childhood
What is the main organism responsible for UTI’s?
• Coliforms - e.coli - GRAM NEGATIVE SO STAINS PINK
What bacteria cause young women and hospitalised patients to develop UTI’s?
Staph Saprophyticus
Why is there a difference between the bacteria types which cause UTI in hospital and the community?
• Hospital provides extra risk factors, such as catherterisation which can provide a biofilm surface
What are two types of UTI?
- Complicated
* Uncomplicated