Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Semester 3 - Urinary > Session 2 - Embryology > Flashcards

Session 2 - Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What tissue in the tri-laminar disc does the kidney develop from?

A

• Intermediate mesoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the two areas post-gastrulation where there is no mesoderm between ecto and endoderm?

A
  • The buccopharyngeal membrane (oral cavity)

* Cloacal membrane (anus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How is the intermediate mesoderm organised?

A
  • 3 systems develop sequentially

* Disappearance of one system marks the onset of development of the next

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the first part of the renal system to develop?

A

• The pronephros

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the second part of the renal system to develop?

A

• The mesonephros

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the third part of the renal system to develop?

A

• The metanephros

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What four structure make up a nephrotome?

A
  • Glomerulus
    • Bowman’s capsule
    • Proximal & distal convoluted tube
    • Collecting duct
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the pronephros?

A

• First kidney system in humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the function of the pronephros?

A
  • No direct function
    • Provides pronephric duct which extends from the cervical region to the cloaca and drive the development of the mesonephros (becomes mesonephric duct)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the urogenital ridge?

A

• Region of intermediate mesoderm giving rise to both the embryonic kidney and the gonad

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Is the mesonephros a functional kidney?

A
  • Yes, but has no water conserving mechanism

* Has a very important role in the development of the male reproductive tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What makes up the embryonic kidney?

A
  • The mesonephros

* Made up of mesonephric tubules and the mesonephric ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

In what direction do the mesonephric tubules develop?

A

Caudal to pronephric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Why is the mesonephros only thought of as a partial kidney?

A

• Can produce urine, but cannot concentrate it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How does the mesonephric duct drive the development of the definitive kidney?

A

• Sprouts the ureteric bud

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Aside from driving the development of the definitive kidney, give a role of the mesonephric duct

A

• Drives development of male reproductive system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where does the ureteric bud induce development of the definitive kidney?

A

• Within the intermediate mesoderm of the caudal region of the embryo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the collecting system of the kidney derived from?

A

• The ureteric bud

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the excretory component of the kidney derived from?

A
  • The metanephric tissue cap

* Intermediate mesoderm under the influence of the ureteric bud

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the ureteric bud the primordium of?

A
  • The ureter
    • Renal pelvis
    • Calices
    • Collecting tubules
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the “ascent” of the kidney?

A
  • The metanephric kidney first appears in the pelvic region
    • Undergoes an apparent caudal to cranial shift, crossing the arterial fork formed by vessels returning blood from the fetus to the placenta
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Do the kidneys truly ascend?

A

• No, body undergoes cranial to caudal shift around them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What happens to blood supply of the kidney during ascendion?

A

• Kidneys receive blood from those arteries closest to them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Why is variation in renal blood supply so common?

A
  • Due to the kidneys constantly changing blood supply during development
    • Additional renal arteries may be present, or superior or inferior pole vessels
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

When would hydronephrosis occur?

A

• As a result of an inferior pole artery obstructing the ureter

26
Q

What happens if the ureteric bud fails to interact with intermediate mesoderm?

A

• Renal agenesis will occur

27
Q

What is one sided renal agenesis called?

A

Unilateral

28
Q

Give five ways other ways things go awry in kidney development?

A
  • Migration goes wrong
    • Wilm’s tumour
    • Duplication defects
    • Ectopic ureter
    • Cystic disease
29
Q

Outline a migration defect of the kidney

A
  • If kidney fails to cross the arterial fork, it will end up lower than it should
    • If this happens to both kidneys, a horseshoe kidney may appear due to fusion
30
Q

How can duplication errors occur (e.g. 2 ureters)?

A

• Splitting of the ureteric bud (partial or complete)

31
Q

What problems occur if there is an extra ureter?

A
  • Ectopic drainage can occur into vagina urethra

* Main symptom will be incontinence

32
Q

What is polycystic kidney disease?

A

• Recessive genetic disease which presents early and has a poor prognosis

33
Q

What defect can occur in multicystic kidney disease?

A

• atresia of ureter

34
Q

Give three facts about polycystic kidney disease?

A
  • Recessive
    • Presents early
    • Poor prognosis
35
Q

How do abnormal renal vessels appear?

A
  • As kidneys ascend they required new arterial supply, and the previous supply disappears
    • If they remain, they become accessory or supernumerary arteries
    • If these arteries are present, renal artery will not branch and form collateral circulation
36
Q

What is the cloaca?

A
  • Part of the primitive gut tube shared by GI, urinary and reproductive tracts
    • Dilated, blind pouch
37
Q

How is the cloaca separated from the outside?

A

• By the cloacal membrane

38
Q

What is the urogenital sinus?

A
  • Cloaca divided by urorectal septum

* Continuous with umbilicus

39
Q

What is the urogenital sinus responsible for the genesis of?

A

• Bladder, pelvic and phallic parts

40
Q

Outline the development of the male urinary tract

A
  • Mesonephric ducts reach urogenital sinus
    • Ureteric buds spout from MD
    • Smooth musculature begins to expand, urogenital sinus begins to appear
    • Ureteric bud and mesonephric ducts make independent openings in urogenital sinus
    • Prostate and prostatic urethera formed
41
Q

Where is the bladder derived from?

A

• The hindgut

42
Q

What is the function of the mesonephric duct in males?

A

• Forms part of reproductive tract

43
Q

How is the cloaca divided?

A

• By the urorectal septum

44
Q

What does division of the cloaca by the urorectal cloaca form?

A
  • Urogenital sinus (future bladder and urethera)

* Anorectal canal

45
Q

What is the allantois?

A

• A superoventral diverticulum of the hind gut which extends to the umbilicus

46
Q

What does the allantois become and how?

A
  • Lumen of the allantois becomes obliterated to become the urachus
    • Urachus becomes the median umbilical ligament in adults
47
Q

Outline the development of the male urinary tract

A

• Mesonephric ducts reach urogenital sinus
• Ureteric buds spout from mesonephric duct
○ Ureteric bud will become ureter opening into bladder
• Smooth musculature begins to expand, UGS begins to expand
• Ureteric buds and mesonephric ducts make independent openings in UGS
• Prostate and prostatic urethera formed. MD is maintained in the male, forming prostate and seminal vesicles.

48
Q

What is the epithelium of the bladder derived from?

A
  • The endoderm of the urogenital sinus

* EXCEPT for trigone, which is derived from distal ends of mesonephric ducts

49
Q

Give the four divisions of the male urethera

A
  • Pre ‐ prostatic
    • Prostatic
    • Membranous
    • Spongy
50
Q

Where are the first three parts of the male urethera formed from?

A

• Pelvic part of urogenital sinus

51
Q

What is the spongy part of the urethera formed from?

A

• Phallic part of UGS

52
Q

Give the three basic components of the external genitalia

A
  • Genital tubercle
    • Genital folds
    • Genital swellings
53
Q

What happens to the genital tubercle in the male?

A

• Elongates and genital folds to form the spongy urethera

54
Q

How does formation of the female bladder differ from in the male?

A

• Without male hormones, the mesonephric duct regresses

55
Q

What is hypospadias?

A
  • Defect in fusion of uretheral folds
    • Urethra opens onto the ventral surface rather than at the end of the glans
    • Incidence increasing (WHY)
56
Q

Give three ways in which bladder and urethera can go wrong?

A
  • Fistulae
    • Exstrophy of the bladder
    • Ectopic urethral orifices
57
Q

What is exstrophy of the bladder?

A
  • Congenital anomaly in which part of urinary bladder is present outside of the body
    • Due to maldevelopment of lower abdominal wall
58
Q

How may exstrophy of the bladder be due to a urachal fistula?

A
  • A patent urachus, which normally becomes the median umbilical ligament
    • If it remains as a duct, it will connect the bladder to the umbilicus
59
Q

Where do the metanephric kidneys initially lie?

A

• Close to each other in the pelvis, ventral to the septum

60
Q

What does the ascent of the kidneys stem from?

A

• Growth of the embryo’s body caudal to the kidneys

61
Q

What happens to the hilum of the kidney as it develops?

A

• It initially faces ventrally (forward), but rotates medially almost 90 degrees.

Semester 3 - Urinary (33 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions