Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Semester 3 - Urinary > Session 2 - Embryology > Flashcards

Session 2 - Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What tissue in the tri-laminar disc does the kidney develop from?

A

• Intermediate mesoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the two areas post-gastrulation where there is no mesoderm between ecto and endoderm?

A
  • The buccopharyngeal membrane (oral cavity)

* Cloacal membrane (anus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How is the intermediate mesoderm organised?

A
  • 3 systems develop sequentially

* Disappearance of one system marks the onset of development of the next

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the first part of the renal system to develop?

A

• The pronephros

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the second part of the renal system to develop?

A

• The mesonephros

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the third part of the renal system to develop?

A

• The metanephros

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What four structure make up a nephrotome?

A
  • Glomerulus
    • Bowman’s capsule
    • Proximal & distal convoluted tube
    • Collecting duct
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the pronephros?

A

• First kidney system in humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the function of the pronephros?

A
  • No direct function
    • Provides pronephric duct which extends from the cervical region to the cloaca and drive the development of the mesonephros (becomes mesonephric duct)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the urogenital ridge?

A

• Region of intermediate mesoderm giving rise to both the embryonic kidney and the gonad

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Is the mesonephros a functional kidney?

A
  • Yes, but has no water conserving mechanism

* Has a very important role in the development of the male reproductive tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What makes up the embryonic kidney?

A
  • The mesonephros

* Made up of mesonephric tubules and the mesonephric ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

In what direction do the mesonephric tubules develop?

A

Caudal to pronephric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Why is the mesonephros only thought of as a partial kidney?

A

• Can produce urine, but cannot concentrate it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How does the mesonephric duct drive the development of the definitive kidney?

A

• Sprouts the ureteric bud

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Aside from driving the development of the definitive kidney, give a role of the mesonephric duct

A

• Drives development of male reproductive system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where does the ureteric bud induce development of the definitive kidney?

A

• Within the intermediate mesoderm of the caudal region of the embryo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the collecting system of the kidney derived from?

A

• The ureteric bud

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the excretory component of the kidney derived from?

A
  • The metanephric tissue cap

* Intermediate mesoderm under the influence of the ureteric bud

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the ureteric bud the primordium of?

A
  • The ureter
    • Renal pelvis
    • Calices
    • Collecting tubules
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the “ascent” of the kidney?

A
  • The metanephric kidney first appears in the pelvic region
    • Undergoes an apparent caudal to cranial shift, crossing the arterial fork formed by vessels returning blood from the fetus to the placenta
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Do the kidneys truly ascend?

A

• No, body undergoes cranial to caudal shift around them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What happens to blood supply of the kidney during ascendion?

A

• Kidneys receive blood from those arteries closest to them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Why is variation in renal blood supply so common?

A
  • Due to the kidneys constantly changing blood supply during development
    • Additional renal arteries may be present, or superior or inferior pole vessels
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
When would hydronephrosis occur?
• As a result of an inferior pole artery obstructing the ureter
26
What happens if the ureteric bud fails to interact with intermediate mesoderm?
• Renal agenesis will occur
27
What is one sided renal agenesis called?
Unilateral
28
Give five ways other ways things go awry in kidney development?
* Migration goes wrong * Wilm's tumour * Duplication defects * Ectopic ureter * Cystic disease
29
Outline a migration defect of the kidney
* If kidney fails to cross the arterial fork, it will end up lower than it should * If this happens to both kidneys, a horseshoe kidney may appear due to fusion
30
How can duplication errors occur (e.g. 2 ureters)?
• Splitting of the ureteric bud (partial or complete)
31
What problems occur if there is an extra ureter?
* Ectopic drainage can occur into vagina urethra | * Main symptom will be incontinence
32
What is polycystic kidney disease?
• Recessive genetic disease which presents early and has a poor prognosis
33
What defect can occur in multicystic kidney disease?
• atresia of ureter
34
Give three facts about polycystic kidney disease?
* Recessive * Presents early * Poor prognosis
35
How do abnormal renal vessels appear?
* As kidneys ascend they required new arterial supply, and the previous supply disappears * If they remain, they become accessory or supernumerary arteries * If these arteries are present, renal artery will not branch and form collateral circulation
36
What is the cloaca?
* Part of the primitive gut tube shared by GI, urinary and reproductive tracts * Dilated, blind pouch
37
How is the cloaca separated from the outside?
• By the cloacal membrane
38
What is the urogenital sinus?
* Cloaca divided by urorectal septum | * Continuous with umbilicus
39
What is the urogenital sinus responsible for the genesis of?
• Bladder, pelvic and phallic parts
40
Outline the development of the male urinary tract
* Mesonephric ducts reach urogenital sinus * Ureteric buds spout from MD * Smooth musculature begins to expand, urogenital sinus begins to appear * Ureteric bud and mesonephric ducts make independent openings in urogenital sinus * Prostate and prostatic urethera formed
41
Where is the bladder derived from?
• The hindgut
42
What is the function of the mesonephric duct in males?
• Forms part of reproductive tract
43
How is the cloaca divided?
• By the urorectal septum
44
What does division of the cloaca by the urorectal cloaca form?
* Urogenital sinus (future bladder and urethera) | * Anorectal canal
45
What is the allantois?
• A superoventral diverticulum of the hind gut which extends to the umbilicus
46
What does the allantois become and how?
* Lumen of the allantois becomes obliterated to become the urachus * Urachus becomes the median umbilical ligament in adults
47
Outline the development of the male urinary tract
• Mesonephric ducts reach urogenital sinus • Ureteric buds spout from mesonephric duct ○ Ureteric bud will become ureter opening into bladder • Smooth musculature begins to expand, UGS begins to expand • Ureteric buds and mesonephric ducts make independent openings in UGS • Prostate and prostatic urethera formed. MD is maintained in the male, forming prostate and seminal vesicles.
48
What is the epithelium of the bladder derived from?
* The endoderm of the urogenital sinus | * EXCEPT for trigone, which is derived from distal ends of mesonephric ducts
49
Give the four divisions of the male urethera
* Pre ‐ prostatic * Prostatic  * Membranous * Spongy
50
Where are the first three parts of the male urethera formed from?
• Pelvic part of urogenital sinus
51
What is the spongy part of the urethera formed from?
• Phallic part of UGS
52
Give the three basic components of the external genitalia
* Genital tubercle * Genital folds * Genital swellings
53
What happens to the genital tubercle in the male?
• Elongates and genital folds to form the spongy urethera
54
How does formation of the female bladder differ from in the male?
• Without male hormones, the mesonephric duct regresses
55
What is hypospadias?
* Defect in fusion of uretheral folds * Urethra opens onto the ventral surface rather than at the end of the glans * Incidence increasing (WHY)
56
Give three ways in which bladder and urethera can go wrong?
* Fistulae * Exstrophy of the bladder * Ectopic urethral orifices
57
What is exstrophy of the bladder?
* Congenital anomaly in which part of urinary bladder is present outside of the body * Due to maldevelopment of lower abdominal wall
58
How may exstrophy of the bladder be due to a urachal fistula?
* A patent urachus, which normally becomes the median umbilical ligament * If it remains as a duct, it will connect the bladder to the umbilicus
59
Where do the metanephric kidneys initially lie?
• Close to each other in the pelvis, ventral to the septum
60
What does the ascent of the kidneys stem from?
• Growth of the embryo's body caudal to the kidneys
61
What happens to the hilum of the kidney as it develops?
• It initially faces ventrally (forward), but rotates medially almost 90 degrees.

Semester 3 - Urinary (33 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions