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Infection > Session 7 - Adaptive Immunity Part 2 + Infections At Surfaces > Flashcards

Session 7 - Adaptive Immunity Part 2 + Infections At Surfaces Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 components of the antigen recognition receptor on T lymphocytes?

A

T cell Receptor
CD3 complex
Accessory molecules

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2
Q

What is the structure of T cell receptor?

A

Alpha and beta chains

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3
Q

What are the 2 subtypes of T lymphocytes?

A

Helper and Cytotoxic

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4
Q

What kind of accessory molecule does helper T cells have?

A

CD4+

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5
Q

What kind of antigen is recognized by helper T cells?

A

MHC class II

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6
Q

What kind of accessory molecule does cytotoxic T cells have?

A

CD8+

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7
Q

What kind of antigen does cytotoxic T cells recognize?

A

Class I

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8
Q

What kind of T cells recognize extracellular microbes?

A

CD4+ T cells (helper T cells)

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9
Q

What kind of T cells recognize intracellular microbes?

A

CD4+ (helper)and CD8+ T cells (cytotoxic)

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10
Q

What are the 3 signals that result in T cell activation?

A

B7 on APC binds to CD28 on T cells
MHC Class I and II binds to TCR on T cells
APC releases cytokines

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11
Q

What do cytokines do with regards to T helper cells?

A

They determine what naive CD4+ T cells become

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12
Q

What does IL-12 do to naiive CD4+ T cells?

A

Become TH1

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13
Q

What are 3 functions of TH1 cells?

A

Activate CD8+ T cells
Recruit and activate macrophages
Activate B cells to produce IgG or IgA

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14
Q

What is cell mediated immunity?

A

Defense against intracellular and extracellular pathogens

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15
Q

What kind of T helper cell helps to promote cell mediated immunity?

A

TH1

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16
Q

What does IL-4 do to naiive CD4+ T cells?

A

Become TH2 cells

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17
Q

What are 3 functions of TH2 cells?

A

Activate B cells to produce IgE
Activate eosinophils to kill pathogens
Activate mast cells

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18
Q

What is humoral immunity?

A

Defense against extracellular pathogens

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19
Q

What does IL-1 and IL-6 do to naiive CD4+ cells?

A

Become TH17

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20
Q

What is the function of TH17 cells?

A

Activate neutrophils

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21
Q

What are the 2 T cells that activate humoral immunity?

A

TH2 and TH17

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22
Q

What does IL-10 and THF-beta do to naiive CD4+ T cells?

A

Become Treg

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23
Q

What does Treg do?

A

Tolerance and immune suppression

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24
Q

What are 2 types of cells naiive CD8+ T cells can become?

A

Effector and memory CD8+ T cells

25
Q

What does effector CD8+ T cells become?

A

Become cytotoxic T lymphocytes that travel to peripheral tissues to kill all infected cells expressing MHC class I

26
Q

What kind of antigen recognition receptor is present on B lymphocytes?

A

B Cell receptor

27
Q

What are the 3 signals required to activate B lymphocytes?

A

BCR engagement
TCR engagement
Cytokines / CD40 activation

28
Q

What are the 2 outcomes of B lymphocyte activation?

A

Antibody production

Memory B cells

29
Q

What is the function of memory B cells?

A

Upon re challenge can give faster stronger and longer antibody response

30
Q

What are the 2 main regions of a immunoglobulin?

A

Fab region

Fc region

31
Q

What are the 4 parts of a immunoglobulin?

A

Light chain
Heavy chain
Antigen binding region
Hinge regions

32
Q

What part of the immunoglobulin determines the isotype of the antibody?

A

Heavy chain

33
Q

What kind of antibody does plasma cells produce?

A

IgM

34
Q

What kind of antibodies does antigen stimulated B cells produce when there are IFN gamma cytokines?

A

IgG

35
Q

What is the effect of IL-4 on antigen stimulated B cells?

A

Produce IgE

36
Q

What is the effect of TGF beta on antigen stimulated B cells?

A

IgA

37
Q

What is a thymus independent antigen antibody?

A

IgM

38
Q

What are the 4 functions of IgG?

A

Fc dependent phagocytosis
Complement activation
Neonatal immunity
Toxin or virus neutralization

39
Q

What is the function of IgA?

A

Mucosal immunity

40
Q

What are 2 functions of IgE?

A

Immunity against helminths

Mast cell degranulation

41
Q

What is the function of IgM?

A

Complement activation

42
Q

What is a surface?

A

Interface between a solid and either a liquid or gas

43
Q

What are 4 ways people get infections from microbes on a surface?

A

Invasion
Migration
Inoculation
Haematogenous

44
Q

What is an example of a surface microbes invading and causing infection?

A

Strep progenies pharyngitis

45
Q

What is an example of migration of a microbe and causing infection?

A

Escherichia coli urinary tract infection

46
Q

What is an example of innoculation of microbe leading to infection?

A

Coagulate negative staphylococcus prosthetic joint infection

47
Q

What is an example of a microbe causing haematogenous infection?

A

Viridans strep endocarditis

48
Q

What are 6 examples of external natural surface infections?

A 
Cellulitis
Pharyngitis
Conjunctivitis
Gastroenteritis
Urinary tract infection
Pneumonia
49
Q

What are 5 examples of internal natural surface infections?

A 
Endocarditis
Vasculitis
Septic arthritis
Osteomyelitis
Empyema
50
Q

What are 7 examples of prosthetic surface infections?

A 
Intravascular lines
Peritoneal dialysis catheter
Prosthetic joint 
Cardiac valves
Pacing wires
Endovascular grafts
Ventricular peritoneal shunts
51
Q

What are the 4 processes in the pathogenesis of infection at surfaces?

A

Adhere to host cell or surface
Biofilm formation
Invasion and multiplication
Host response - progenitor or granulomatous

52
Q

What is a biofilm?

A

Microbial communities that are attached to surfaces and encased in a extracellular matrix of microbial origin

53
Q

What is the function of biofilms?

A

Protect bacteria

54
Q

What are the 4 ways biofilms protect bacteria?

A

Restrict penetration and diffusion of some antimicrobial
Secrete beta-lactamases into environment
Increase expression of multi drug resistance efflux pumps
Presence of persisters that are resistant to all antibiotics

55
Q

What are the 2 aims of management of surface infections?

A

Sterilize tissue

Reduce bio burden

56
Q

What are 3 ways to treat infected surfaces?

A

Antibacterial
Remove prosthetic material
Surgery to respect infected material

57
Q

What are 3 challenges of managing infected surfaces?

A

Poor antibacterial penetration into biofilm
Low metabolic activity of biofilm micro organisms
Dangers of surgery

58
Q

What are 3 ways to prevent infections on natural surface?

A

Maintain surface integrity
Prevent bacterial surface colonization
Remove colonizing bacteria

59
Q

What are 3 ways to prevent prosthetic surface infections?

A

Prevent contamination
Inhibit surface colonization
Remove colonizing bacteria

Infection (11 decks)

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