Session 7 - Adaptive Immunity Part 2 + Infections At Surfaces

Question 1

What are the 3 components of the antigen recognition receptor on T lymphocytes?

Answer 1

T cell Receptor
CD3 complex
Accessory molecules

Question 2

What is the structure of T cell receptor?

Answer 2

Alpha and beta chains

Question 3

What are the 2 subtypes of T lymphocytes?

Answer 3

Helper and Cytotoxic

Question 4

What kind of accessory molecule does helper T cells have?

Answer 4

CD4+

Question 5

What kind of antigen is recognized by helper T cells?

Answer 5

MHC class II

Question 6

What kind of accessory molecule does cytotoxic T cells have?

Answer 6

CD8+

Question 7

What kind of antigen does cytotoxic T cells recognize?

Answer 7

Class I

Question 8

What kind of T cells recognize extracellular microbes?

Answer 8

CD4+ T cells (helper T cells)

Question 9

What kind of T cells recognize intracellular microbes?

Answer 9

CD4+ (helper)and CD8+ T cells (cytotoxic)

Question 10

What are the 3 signals that result in T cell activation?

Answer 10

B7 on APC binds to CD28 on T cells
MHC Class I and II binds to TCR on T cells
APC releases cytokines

Question 11

What do cytokines do with regards to T helper cells?

Answer 11

They determine what naive CD4+ T cells become

Question 12

What does IL-12 do to naiive CD4+ T cells?

Answer 12

Become TH1

Question 13

What are 3 functions of TH1 cells?

Answer 13

Activate CD8+ T cells
Recruit and activate macrophages
Activate B cells to produce IgG or IgA

Question 14

What is cell mediated immunity?

Answer 14

Defense against intracellular and extracellular pathogens

Question 15

What kind of T helper cell helps to promote cell mediated immunity?

Answer 15

TH1

Question 16

What does IL-4 do to naiive CD4+ T cells?

Answer 16

Become TH2 cells

Question 17

What are 3 functions of TH2 cells?

Answer 17

Activate B cells to produce IgE
Activate eosinophils to kill pathogens
Activate mast cells

Question 18

What is humoral immunity?

Answer 18

Defense against extracellular pathogens

Question 19

What does IL-1 and IL-6 do to naiive CD4+ cells?

Answer 19

Become TH17

Question 20

What is the function of TH17 cells?

Answer 20

Activate neutrophils

Question 21

What are the 2 T cells that activate humoral immunity?

Answer 21

TH2 and TH17

Question 22

What does IL-10 and THF-beta do to naiive CD4+ T cells?

Answer 22

Become Treg

Question 23

What does Treg do?

Answer 23

Tolerance and immune suppression

Question 24

What are 2 types of cells naiive CD8+ T cells can become?

Answer 24

Effector and memory CD8+ T cells

Question 25

What does effector CD8+ T cells become?

Answer 25

Become cytotoxic T lymphocytes that travel to peripheral tissues to kill all infected cells expressing MHC class I

Question 26

What kind of antigen recognition receptor is present on B lymphocytes?

Answer 26

B Cell receptor

Question 27

What are the 3 signals required to activate B lymphocytes?

Answer 27

BCR engagement TCR engagement Cytokines / CD40 activation

Question 28

What are the 2 outcomes of B lymphocyte activation?

Answer 28

Antibody production | Memory B cells

Question 29

What is the function of memory B cells?

Answer 29

Upon re challenge can give faster stronger and longer antibody response

Question 30

What are the 2 main regions of a immunoglobulin?

Answer 30

Fab region | Fc region

Question 31

What are the 4 parts of a immunoglobulin?

Answer 31

Light chain Heavy chain Antigen binding region Hinge regions

Question 32

What part of the immunoglobulin determines the isotype of the antibody?

Answer 32

Heavy chain

Question 33

What kind of antibody does plasma cells produce?

Answer 33

IgM

Question 34

What kind of antibodies does antigen stimulated B cells produce when there are IFN gamma cytokines?

Answer 34

IgG

Question 35

What is the effect of IL-4 on antigen stimulated B cells?

Answer 35

Produce IgE

Question 36

What is the effect of TGF beta on antigen stimulated B cells?

Answer 36

IgA

Question 37

What is a thymus independent antigen antibody?

Answer 37

IgM

Question 38

What are the 4 functions of IgG?

Answer 38

Fc dependent phagocytosis Complement activation Neonatal immunity Toxin or virus neutralization

Question 39

What is the function of IgA?

Answer 39

Mucosal immunity

Question 40

What are 2 functions of IgE?

Answer 40

Immunity against helminths | Mast cell degranulation

Question 41

What is the function of IgM?

Answer 41

Complement activation

Question 42

What is a surface?

Answer 42

Interface between a solid and either a liquid or gas

Question 43

What are 4 ways people get infections from microbes on a surface?

Answer 43

Invasion Migration Inoculation Haematogenous

Question 44

What is an example of a surface microbes invading and causing infection?

Answer 44

Strep progenies pharyngitis

Question 45

What is an example of migration of a microbe and causing infection?

Answer 45

Escherichia coli urinary tract infection

Question 46

What is an example of innoculation of microbe leading to infection?

Answer 46

Coagulate negative staphylococcus prosthetic joint infection

Question 47

What is an example of a microbe causing haematogenous infection?

Answer 47

Viridans strep endocarditis

Question 48

What are 6 examples of external natural surface infections?

Answer 48

``` Cellulitis Pharyngitis Conjunctivitis Gastroenteritis Urinary tract infection Pneumonia ```

Question 49

What are 5 examples of internal natural surface infections?

Answer 49

``` Endocarditis Vasculitis Septic arthritis Osteomyelitis Empyema ```

Question 50

What are 7 examples of prosthetic surface infections?

Answer 50

``` Intravascular lines Peritoneal dialysis catheter Prosthetic joint Cardiac valves Pacing wires Endovascular grafts Ventricular peritoneal shunts ```

Question 51

What are the 4 processes in the pathogenesis of infection at surfaces?

Answer 51

Adhere to host cell or surface Biofilm formation Invasion and multiplication Host response - progenitor or granulomatous

Question 52

What is a biofilm?

Answer 52

Microbial communities that are attached to surfaces and encased in a extracellular matrix of microbial origin

Question 53

What is the function of biofilms?

Answer 53

Protect bacteria

Question 54

What are the 4 ways biofilms protect bacteria?

Answer 54

Restrict penetration and diffusion of some antimicrobial Secrete beta-lactamases into environment Increase expression of multi drug resistance efflux pumps Presence of persisters that are resistant to all antibiotics

Question 55

What are the 2 aims of management of surface infections?

Answer 55

Sterilize tissue | Reduce bio burden

Question 56

What are 3 ways to treat infected surfaces?

Answer 56

Antibacterial Remove prosthetic material Surgery to respect infected material

Question 57

What are 3 challenges of managing infected surfaces?

Answer 57

Poor antibacterial penetration into biofilm Low metabolic activity of biofilm micro organisms Dangers of surgery

Question 58

What are 3 ways to prevent infections on natural surface?

Answer 58

Maintain surface integrity Prevent bacterial surface colonization Remove colonizing bacteria

Question 59

What are 3 ways to prevent prosthetic surface infections?

Answer 59

Prevent contamination Inhibit surface colonization Remove colonizing bacteria