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Infection > Session 1 - Introduction > Flashcards

Session 1 - Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is an infection?

A

Invasion of a host’s tissues by micro-organisms and disease caused by microbial multiplication, toxins and host response

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2
Q

How do people get infections from microbiota?

A

Micro-organisms carried on skin and mucosal surfaces are normally harmless, but when transferred to other sites can be harmful

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3
Q

What is an example of a infection spread via physical contact?

A

Sexually transmitted infection

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4
Q

What is one example of infections spread via airborne spread?

A

Chickenpox

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5
Q

What is one example of infections that need vector to be spread?

A

Mosquito for malaria

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6
Q

What are the 2 main types of transmission?

A

Horizontal and vertical

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7
Q

What are the 3 forms of horizontal transmission?

A

Contact, inhalation and ingestion

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8
Q

What is vertical transmission?

A

Infection spread from mother to child, before or at birth

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9
Q

What are the 5 processes micro-organisms undergo to cause disease?

A 
Exposure to host 
Adherence to mucosal membranes 
Invasion into tissues or interstitial space  
Multiplication of microorganism 
Dissemination into bloodstream
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10
Q

What are virulence factors?

A

Chemicals that enhance survival of microorganisms and their reproduction within the host

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11
Q

What are the 5 disease determinants of how serious the infection is?

A 
Virulence factors
Inoculum size
Antimicrobial resistance 
Site of infection 
Co-morbidities
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12
Q

What is inoculum size?

A

Amount of microorganism present

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13
Q

What are the 3 things you need to know if patients have an infection?

A

History
Examination
Investigation

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14
Q

What are the 4 things to ask about history when deciding whether a patient has infection?

A

Focal or systemic symptoms
Severity of symptoms
Duration of symptoms
Potential exposure

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15
Q

What are the 2 types of investigations?

A

Specific and supportive

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16
Q

What are specific investigations?

A

To identify causative organism of infection

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17
Q

What are supportive investigations?

A

Prove that patient is suffering from infection

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18
Q

What are 5 tests to do when doing supportive investigations?

A 
Full blood count 
Liver function test
Kidney function test
Imaging 
Histopathology
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19
Q

What does a high value of neutrophils mean?

A

Bacterial infection possible

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20
Q

What does a high value of lymphocytes mean?

A

Viral infection possible

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21
Q

What does high amounts of C-reactive protein suggest?

A

Prove there is an inflammatory process

22
Q

Why do we do liver and kidney function tests?

A

To find out how body manages infections and also affects dosage of medicine to give

23
Q

What kind of infection is histopathology good at showing?

A

Fungal

24
Q

What are the 4 things we have to do to find out if patient has a bacterial infection?

A

Collect specimen
Microscopy
Culture
Antibiotic susceptibility test

25
Q

What are the 3 things we can do to find out if patient has viral infection?

A

Antigen detection
Antibody detection
Detecting viral nucleic acid through PCR

26
Q

What are the 4 types of micro organisms causing human disease?

A

Virus
Bacteria
Fungi
Parasites

26
Q

What are 2 special features of viruses?

A

Protein coat to protect virus

Spikes for attaching to specific cell surfaces

27
Q

What are the ways that viruses can be classified?

A

DNA or RNA
Single or double strand
Enveloped or not
Shape (RNA - icosahedral or helical)

28
Q

What are 4 special features of structure of bacteria?

A

Capsule
Cell wall
Plasmid
Flagellum

29
Q

What are plasmids in bacteria?

A

Smaller circles of transferable DNA, carries resistance genes

30
Q

What are 3 types of bacterial shapes

A

Coccus
Spirillus
Bacillus

31
Q

What are 2 arrangements of cocci?

A

Clusters and chains

32
Q

What are 2 ways that bacteria can be classified?

A

Gram+ and gram-

Aerobes and anaerobes

33
Q

What are 2 differences between gram+ and gram-bacteria?

A

Peptidoglycan layer in gram+ is thicker so it retains stain while thinner in gram- so doesn’t retain stain

Outer membrane present in gram- but not present in gram+

34
Q

What are aerobes?

A

Bacteria that can survive in the presence of oxygen

35
Q

What are obligate aerobes?

A

Bacteria that absolutely require oxygen for survival

36
Q

What are anaerobes?

A

Bacteria that can survive in the absence of oxygen

37
Q

What are obligate anaerobes?

A

Bacteria that requires oxygen-free environment for survival unless they are able to form spores

39
Q

What are 3 examples of gram+ cocci bacteria?

A

Staph aureus
Coagulate negative staph
Alpha-haemolytic streptococci

40
Q

What are 3 examples of gram+ bacilli bacteria?

A

Listeria monocytogenes
Bacillus anthracis
Bacillus cereus

41
Q

What are 3 examples of gram- cocci?

A

Neisseria meningitidis
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Moraxella catarrhalis

42
Q

What are 3 examples of gram- bacilli bacteria?

A

Escherichia coli
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Proteus species

43
Q

What are 4 virulence factors for bacteria pathogenesis?

A

Host entry
Adherence to host cells
Invasiveness
Iron sequestration

44
Q

What are kinds of toxins that bacteria release?

A

Exotoxins and endotoxins

45
Q

What are 6 differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

Circular single chromosome in pro / multiple chromosomes in eu
No nucleus in pro / nucleus present in eu
No membrane bound organelles in pro / present in eu
Cell wall present in pro / only present in plants for eu
70S ribosome in pro / 80S ribosome in eu

46
Q

What are 2 types of fungi?

A

Single called yeasts

Multicellular molds

47
Q

What are 3 examples of yeasts?

A

Candida albicans
Cryptococcus neoformans
Pneumocystis jiroveci

48
Q

What are 2 examples of molds?

A

Aspergillosis species

Dermatophytes

49
Q

What are 2 types of parasites?

A

Single celled protozoa

Multicellular helminths

50
Q

What are 3 examples of protozoa?

A

Giardia lamblia
Cryptosporidium parvum
Plasmodium falciparum

51
Q

What are 3 examples of helminths?

A

Roundworms
Tapeworms
Flukes

Infection (11 decks)

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