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Mechanisms Of Disease > Session 7 & 8 > Flashcards

Session 7 & 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What controls cell proliferation?

A

Hormones
Local mediators
Cell contact

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2
Q

What is Autocrine secretion?

A

The cell that secretes a signal is the responding cell.

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3
Q

What is Paracrine secretion?

A

The secreting cell and responding cell is different.

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4
Q

What produces epidermal growth factor?

A

Keratinocytes
Macrophages
Inflammatory cells

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5
Q

What does epidermal growth factors bind to?

A

Epidermal growth factor receptors.

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6
Q

What does vascular endothelial growth factors do?

A

It is an inducer of blood vessel development - vasculogenesis.
Role in formation of new blood vessels - angiogenesis.

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7
Q

Where is platelet derived growth factors stored?

A

In platelet alpha granules.

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8
Q

When is platelet derived growth factor released?

A

On platelet activation.

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9
Q

What does platelet derived growth factor cause?

A

Migration and proliferation of fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells and monocytes.

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10
Q

What are the outcomes of signalling?

A

Survive
Divide
Differentiate
Apoptosis

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11
Q

How can the growth of cells be increased?

A

By shortening the cell cycle.

By conversion of quiescent cells to proliferating cells by making them enter cell cycle.

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12
Q

What is the most important part of the cell cycle?

Extra point - Why?

A

G1.

Extra point - It has the R check point.

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13
Q

What is the most commonly altered position in the cell cycle during cancer?

A

The R checkpoint.

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14
Q

What happens if the R checkpoint is activated?

A

It delays the cell cycle
It triggers the DNA repair processes
It triggers apoptosis

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15
Q

What controls the cell cycle?

A

Proteins - cyclins

Associated enzymes - cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs)

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16
Q

How do CDKs drive the cell cycle?

A

They phosphorylate proteins that are critical for cell cycle transitions.

17
Q

What stimulates the production of cyclins?

A

Growth factors.

18
Q

What are the three types of cell ability to enter the cell cycle?

A

Labile - lots of stem cells
Stable - stem cells quiescent
Permanent - stem cels present. Cannot proliferate.

19
Q

Give an example of labile, stable and permanent cells.

A

Labile - surface epithelia
Stable - hepatocytes
Permanent - cardiac muscle

20
Q

What are the different cellular adaptions?

A 
Regeneration
Hyperplasia
Hypertrophy
Atrophy
Metaplasia
21
Q

Is cellular adaptions reversible or irreversible?

A

Reversible.

22
Q

What is regeneration cellular adaption?

A

Replacement of cell losses by identical cells to maintain tissue or organ size.
Resolution and scarring when persistent.

23
Q

What is hyperplasia cellular adaption?

A

Increase in tissue or organ size due to an increase in cell numbers.
Only occurs in labile or stable cell populations.

24
Q

What is hypertrophy cellular adaption?

A

Increase in tissue or organ size due to an increase in cell size - have more intracellular components.
Occurs in permanent cells.

25
Q

What is atrophy cellular adaption?

A

Shrinkage of a tissue or organ due to an acquired decrease in size/number of cells - intracellular components reduce.
An adaptive response.

26
Q

What is metaplasia cellular adaption?

A

A reversible change of one differentiated cell type to another different one.
Can prelude cancer.

27
Q

What is aplasia?

A

An embryonic disorder where a tissue or organ fails to develop.

28
Q

What is hypoplasia?

A

Underdevelopment or incomplete development of a tissue or organ at the embryonic stage.

29
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

Abnormal maturation of cells that is reversible.

Can be pre cancerous.

30
Q

When does regeneration occur?

A

With injury after minor damage.

31
Q

When does hyperplasia occur?

A

Occurs secondary to other pathology within the body.

32
Q

When does hypertrophy occur?

A

Can occur with hyperplasia.

33
Q

When does atrophy occur?

A

With misuse, innovation, blood supply, nutrition, hormone, persistent injury and age.

34
Q

When does metaplasia occur?

A

Banetts oesophagus.

Mechanisms Of Disease (11 decks)

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