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Mechanisms Of Disease > Session 4 > Flashcards

Session 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is fibrous repair?

A

The replacement of functional tissue by scar tissue

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2
Q

What are the key components of fibrous repair?

A

Cell migration
Angiogenesis
Remodelling

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3
Q

What is angiogenesis?

A

The formation of new blood vessels from preexisting ones

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4
Q

What cells are involved in cell migration?

A

Inflammatory
Endothelial
Fibroblasts/Myofibroblasts

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5
Q

Give an example of a growth factor which increases angiogenesis.

A

VEGF

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6
Q

How does the extracellular matrix aid repair?

A

Supports cells
Allows cell communication
Separates tissue compartments

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7
Q

What are the three main stages in fibrous repair?

A

Inflammatory cells infiltrate - forms blood clot
Clot replaced by granulation tissue
Maturation

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8
Q

What makes Granulation tissue?

A

Capillary loops and myofibroblasts

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9
Q

What happens during maturation of fibrous repair?

A

The cell population falls and collagen increases matures and remodels.
Myofibroblasts contract to reduce the volume of the defect.
Vessels differentiagte and a fibrous scar remains

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10
Q

What recruits inflammatory cells for fibrous repair?

A

Chemotaxis

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11
Q

What causes angiogenesis in fibrous repair?

A

Angiogenic cytokines

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12
Q

What causes fibrosis during fibrous repair?

A

Macrophages releasing cytokines that cause fibroblast proliferation

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13
Q

What is regeneration?

A

Replacement of dead or damaged cells by functional differentiated cells. (Derived from stem cells)

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14
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Cells that have limitless proliferation.

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15
Q

What are Unipotent cells?

A

Can produce one type of differentiated cell eg epithelia

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16
Q

What are Multipotent cells?

A

Can produce several types of differentiated cells eg haemopoietic

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17
Q

What are Totipotent cells?

A

Can produce any type of cell eg Embryonic stem cells

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18
Q

Give an example of Labile cells.

A

Epithelia

Haematopoietic cell

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19
Q

What is the normal state of division for Labile cells?

A

Active; G1 - M - G1

Rapid proliferation

20
Q

Give an example of Stable cells.

A

Hepatocytes
Osteoblasts
Fibroblasts

21
Q

What is the normal state of division for Stable cells?

A

Resting state G0

Speed of regeneration variable

22
Q

Give an example of a permanent cell.

A

Neurone

Cardiac myocyte

23
Q

What is the normal state of division for permanent cells?

A

Unable to divide G0

Unable to regenration

24
Q

What factors can control regeneration?

A

Growth factors

Contact between basement membrane and adjacent cells

25
Q

How do growth factors encourage regeneration?

A

They promote proliferation of the stem cell population

Promote expression of gene controlling cell cycle

26
Q

What hormones can act as growth factors?

A

Oestrogen
Testosterone
Growth hormone

27
Q

What proteins can act as growth factors?

A

PDGF

EGF

28
Q

How can contact between basement membranes and adjacent cells control regeneration?

A

There is signalling through adhesion molecues, contact inhibition. Loss of contact = proliferation

29
Q

What is healing by Primary Intention?

A

Where there is an incised wound that has apposed edges. There is minimal clot/granulation tissue. The epidermis regenerates, Dermis undergoes fibrous repair.

30
Q

What is the risk with healing by Primary Intention?

A

If an infection becomes trapped there may be an Abscess.

31
Q

When does healing by Secondary Intention occur?

A

After an Infarct, Ulcer, Abscess or any large wound.

32
Q

What are the features of healing by Secondary Intention?

A

Unapposed wound edges
Large clot
Lots of Granulation tissue
Epidermis regenerates from the base up

33
Q

What are the differences with healing by Secondary Intention compared to healing with Primary Intention?

A

There is more contraction
There is a larger scar
It takes longer
It is NOT necessarily weaker

34
Q

What local factors can effect healing and repair?

A 
Type, size and location of wound
Apposition, lack of movement
Blood supply
Infection
Foreign materials
Radiation
35
Q

What general factors can effect healing and repair?

A 
Age
Drugs/Hormones
Dietary deficiencies, especially vitamin C and Amino Acids
State of health eg Chronic diseases
General cardivascular status
36
Q

What is the type of repair in cardiac muscle?

A

Fibrosis

37
Q

What is the type of repair in Bone?

A

Callus formation

38
Q

What is the type of repair in the Liver?

A 
Acute = Regeneration
Chronic = Cirrhosis
39
Q

What is the type of repair in the CNS?

A

It has no regenerative capacity, BUT glial cells can proliferate

40
Q

What is the type of repair in the smooth muscle?

A

Scarring due to them being permanent cells

41
Q

What is the type of repair in skeletal muscle?

A

Limited regenerative capacity due to satellite cells.

42
Q

What are Satellite cells?

A

Specialised Schwann cells.

43
Q

What type of degeneration occurs in peripheral nerves?

A

Wallerian degeneration

44
Q

When does Wallerian degeneration occur?

A

When a peripheral nerve is severed through damage.

45
Q

What does Wallerian degeneration cause?

A

Atrophy of the nerve axon

Mechanisms Of Disease (11 decks)

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