Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Mechanisms Of Disease > Neoplasm II > Flashcards

Neoplasm II Flashcards

0
Q

What are the 3 steps for malignant neoplasms metastasising?

A

Grow + invade primary site
Invade transport system
Grow at secondary site to form new tumours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

What is the most lethal feature of a malignant neoplasm?

A

Metastasis and invasion which causes a tumour burden

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is tumour embolisation?

A

Tumour cells spread and move

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What can prevent malignant neoplasms from metastasising?

A

The vessels damaging it
Immune responses
The secondary site is not suitable for growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does invasion by carcinomas require?

A

Altered adhesion
Stromal proteolysis
Motility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the epithelial to mesenchymal transmission?

A

Altered adhesion, stromal proteolysis and motility all create a carcinoma cell which seems more like a mesenchymal cell than an epithelial cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What causes altered adhesion?

A

Reduction in E cadherin expression.

Change in integrin expression.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is stromal proteolysis?

A

Cells degrade the basement membrane and stroma so they can invade.
Involves expression of proteases being altered.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Way is motility?

A

Malignant cells take advantage of nearby non endoplasmic cells. (Together form cancer niche)
Healthy cells provide GF and proteases.
Changes in actin cytoskeleton (due to Rho)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How can malignant cells travel to distant sites?

A

In blood vessels via capillaries and venules (enters thinnest 1st)
In lymphatic vessels
In fluid in body cavities (transcoelomic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Why can you get dormant malignant neoplasms?

A

The environment may not be hostile
Immune system may suppress it
Failure of angiogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is extravasation?

A

When malignant cells exit a vessel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Way are micrometastases?

A

Surviving microscopic deposits which fail to grow.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is tumour dormancy?

A

An apparently healthy person may have many micro metastasis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What usually causes malignant neoplasm relapses?

A

One or more micrometastases growing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the 2 theories for the site of a secondary neoplasm?

A

Regional drainage

Seed and soil

16
Q

What is the seed and soil phenomenon?

A

Explains unpredictable distribution of metastasis as there are interactions between malignant cells and locals tumour environment at the secondary site.

17
Q

What do carcinomas tend to spread by?

A

Lymphatics

18
Q

What do sarcomas tend to spread by?

A

The blood stream.

19
Q

How do all malignant cells eventually spread?

A

Through the blood a lymphatics drain into the vena cava.

20
Q

What neoplasms commonly spread to bone?

A

Breast
Kidney
Thyroid
Prostate

21
Q

What can cancers of the bone cause?

A

Pathological fractures.

22
Q

What is very white on an X-ray?

A

Osteosclerotic

23
Q

What causes bone to look eaten away on an X-ray?

A

Osteolytic.

24
Q

What is likelihood of metastasis related to?

A

The size of the primary neoplasm.

25
Q

What are the local effects of a neoplasm?

A

Primary or secondary neoplasms

26
Q

What are the systemic effects of a neoplasm?

A

Increased tumour burden
Hormonal effect
Paraneoplastic syndrome

27
Q

What causes the local effects of neoplasms?

A

Direct invasion and destruction of normal tissue
Ulceration (erosion of epithelia) at surface –> bleeding
Compression of adjacent structures (vena cava)
Blocking tubes and orifices

28
Q

What causes the systemic effects of neoplasms?

A

Tumour burden.
Secreted factors eg cytokines causing weight loss, malaise, immunosuppression and thrombosis.
Benign neoplasms of endocrine glands so produce hormones. Some malignant tumours do this.
Neuropathies causes puritis and abnormal pigmentation of skin, fever.

29
Q

What is cachexia?

A

Extreme weight loss (due to cytokines, parasite)

30
Q

What type of carcinoma rarely metastasises?

A

Basal cell carcinoma. It excessively proliferates at the site.

Mechanisms Of Disease (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions